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4,1,10,1,11,1","branch,4,1,8,1","branches,14,1,15,2","brazil,8,4","breach,14,1","break,14,3","breakdown,7,1,10,1","breaking,7,2","breaks,14,2","bredenkampf,10,1","brennan,2,1,4,1,10,2","brian,10,1","bridge,2,2,4,4,7,3,10,2,14,1","brief,4,2,7,2,8,1","briefed,8,1","briefing,2,1,15,3","briefings,15,4","briefly,4,1,7,3,10,1","briefs,2,1","brihanmumbai,8,1","bring,2,1,4,4,7,2,10,5,11,4","bringing,2,2,4,1,10,1,11,2,14,1","brings,4,1,10,2","briquettes,2,1","broad,2,2,4,5,5,1,7,1,10,3","broadcast,4,3","broadcasting,4,1,14,1","broadcasts,4,1","broaden,10,2","broadened,10,1","broadening,4,1,10,1","broader,2,1,4,2,8,1,10,4","broadest,4,3,10,1","broadly,10,1","brochure,11,1","broke,10,1","broken,7,2,14,1","broker,10,1","brotherhood,11,1","brought,4,1,5,1,7,2,8,3,10,14","browse,1,1,6,1","browser,1,1,6,1","bses,7,14,8,1,10,1","btmc,8,1","bucharest,8,3,15,2","bucket,7,1","budget,2,6,4,4,5,1,7,1,9,1,10,4,11,1,14,4","budgetary,4,1,7,2,10,1","budgeting,7,1,10,2,15,1","budgets,7,3,10,2","budhiraja,11,1","budigere,7,1","buet,8,1","build,4,5,5,1,7,7,10,14,11,3,14,1,15,3","builder,13,4","building,2,8,4,8,5,3,7,15,8,8,10,48,11,71,14,7,15,16","buildings,14,3","builds,2,3,4,1","built,4,1,5,1,10,2,14,1","bujar,10,1","buka,4,1","bulk,4,2,5,1,7,2,8,4,10,2,11,3,14,2","bulletin,2,4,4,4","burden,7,2","burdened,7,1","burdening,7,1","burdensome,2,1,7,1","bureau,2,4,4,6,5,1,7,6,8,4,10,3,15,1","bureaucrats,11,1","buried,10,1","burn,2,1","burning,4,1,5,1","busbar,7,1","business,2,7,4,14,7,42,8,7,10,24,11,7,14,43","businesses,2,2,7,2,10,2,14,1,15,2","busy,7,2","butwal,11,2","buy,7,4,10,1","buyer,5,1,10,5","buyers,10,1","buying,10,2","bw,10,11","bwa,4,1","bwalya,4,1","cabinet,2,1,4,1,10,2","cable,14,3","cables,14,4","cac,10,1","cahora,10,1","cairo,4,1,10,1","caixa,10,1","calamity,14,1","calculate,11,1","calculated,7,2,14,1","calculates,5,1","calculating,11,1,14,3","calculation,4,1,11,1","calcutta,8,4","calibration,14,1","california,8,4","call,7,8,10,2,14,1","called,4,2,7,2,10,5,14,6","calling,4,1,5,1,10,1","calls,10,1","caltex,2,1,8,1","caluse,14,1","cambio,8,1","cambridge,8,5","came,5,1,7,1,10,8","cameroon,8,2,9,1","camp,14,2","campaign,4,6,8,2,15,1","campaigns,4,3,10,2","campinas,8,1","canal,14,2","canals,14,1","cancel,14,1","cancelled,11,2","candidate,7,2","candidates,2,1,10,2","cane,7,1","cannot,2,3,4,3,7,2,10,2,14,1","canora,8,1","cantonment,14,2","canyon,8,1","capabilities,2,1,4,1,7,3,9,1,10,3,11,9","capability,2,1,5,2,7,3","capable,9,2,10,1,11,7,15,1","capacities,7,3,15,2","capacitors,14,1","capacity,2,36,4,34,5,12,7,49,8,13,9,1,10,92,14,8,11,69,15,24","capita,4,4,5,1,9,3","capital,2,7,4,12,5,2,7,26,10,6,8,4,9,4,14,4","capitalization,7,1,10,1","capitalized,7,2","captive,7,2,14,11","capture,2,1,4,1,7,1","captures,7,1","car,4,1","carbon,2,1,5,1,10,1,8,4","care,4,5,7,1,9,1","career,8,1","carefully,4,1,7,4,11,1","caregroupzm,2,1,4,1","caribbean,8,1","carlos,10,1","carol,5,1","carolina,8,1","carpentry,5,1","carriage,14,1","carried,2,3,4,4,7,10,10,1,14,5,11,5","carrier,14,1","carries,14,1","carrol,4,1,10,1","carry,7,2,10,4,9,1,14,9","carrying,2,2,14,17,11,2","carstens,10,1","cascade,10,2,15,1","case,2,1,4,6,7,56,10,12,8,3,9,1,14,109,11,4","cases,2,1,4,5,5,4,7,80,10,9,14,10,11,3","cash,3,1,4,1,5,2,7,15,10,2,8,1,14,1,11,1","casing,14,1,11,2","casting,14,2","castro,8,1","catalyst,2,2,4,1,10,1","catalyze,10,4","catalyzed,10,2","catapult,4,1","catches,7,1","catchment,4,2","categories,2,1,5,2,7,11,10,1,14,3","categorize,7,1","category,5,1,7,5,14,4","cater,2,1,5,2,11,1","caters,7,2","cathodic,2,1","cattle,5,1","cause,4,1,7,2,10,2,8,1,9,1,14,15,11,1","caused,10,1,14,4","causes,7,4,10,1,14,6","causeway,14,1","causing,7,2,10,2,14,1","caution,11,1","cautious,10,1","caz,4,2","cc,10,4","ccos,11,1","ccy,5,4","cd,4,1","cdm,8,4","cea,7,1,11,2","cease,4,1,5,1,10,1,14,3","ceases,14,1","ceasing,14,1","ceb,5,37,11,2","cec,2,6,10,9","ceeez,2,2,4,2","ceiling,4,1,14,2","cell,2,1,4,1,7,16,10,21,8,1","cement,4,1","cenored,10,2","census,11,3","cent,5,1,7,1,14,1","center,4,1,7,12,10,17,8,2,11,4","centered,8,1,11,1","centerpiece,10,1","centers,2,4,4,6,5,1,7,9,10,2,11,1","central,4,3,5,6,7,35,10,14,8,3,9,2,14,224,11,1","centralized,7,1,10,1,9,1,11,1","centrally,7,3","centre,2,3,4,5,10,9,8,1,14,47,11,3","centres,14,10","centro,8,1","ceo,2,2,4,1,10,8","ceramic,9,1","cerc,7,2","cereal,5,1","certain,2,2,4,6,5,1,7,5,14,10,11,3","certainly,11,2","certainty,5,1","certified,14,2","ceylon,5,4,8,7,11,1","cf,9,2","cfl,7,1,11,1","cha,10,2","chain,7,1,10,1,9,1,11,1","chair,10,1,8,1","chaired,10,1,15,1","chairman,4,6,7,8,10,10,8,1,11,2","chairmen,8,1","chairperson,4,5,10,2,14,131","chairpersons,14,1","chairs,10,1","challenge,2,5,4,8,7,2,10,8,9,1,11,2","challenged,4,1","challenges,4,3,7,8,10,10,8,7,9,7,11,1","challenging,4,1,5,1,10,1,11,1","chama,2,1","chamber,4,1,10,1,8,6","chambers,4,1,8,2","chambeshi,4,6","champions,11,2","chance,4,1","chances,4,1,11,1","chanda,10,3","chandaweyaya,4,1","chander,7,2","chandi,10,1","chandraratne,4,1,10,1","chandrasekara,4,1,10,1","chandrika,5,1","change,1,1,4,1,6,1,7,8,10,5,8,44,11,4,15,1","changed,2,1,7,3","changes,2,4,4,8,5,2,7,4,10,9,8,1,14,1,11,2","changing,2,2,4,1,5,1,7,3,11,2,15,1","channel,4,1,7,2,10,1","channeling,7,1,8,6","channels,4,2,7,5","chapman,10,1","chapter,7,2,10,1,14,2","chapters,14,1","character,14,1","characteristics,4,1,7,8","characterize,10,1","characterized,4,3,7,4,10,3","charcoal,2,8,4,7,10,2,9,3","charge,4,3,10,2,14,20,15,1","charged,7,1,10,1,14,2","charges,5,1,10,1,14,51","charles,2,3,4,1,10,3","chart,2,1,11,3","chatterjee,7,2","chattisgarh,11,1","chaudhuri,7,2","chavu,4,1","chavuma,2,1,4,2","cheapest,5,1","check,11,1","checks,14,1","chemical,4,1","chennai,8,3","chiang,10,3","chibiya,10,1","chief,2,4,4,2,7,10,10,14,8,4,14,18,11,3","chiefs,4,1,11,1","chiinda,10,3","chikata,2,1,4,4","chikoa,2,1","chikova,10,4","children,4,2,9,3","chileshe,2,1,4,1,10,1","chim,10,1","china,4,1,8,2","chinambu,10,1","chinese,5,2","chingola,2,1,4,1,10,1","chins,2,1,4,1","chinsali,4,1","chinsanka,4,1","chinyunyu,2,1","chip,2,1,4,1","chipa,4,1","chipata,2,1","chipwaya,4,1","chirun,4,1","chirundu,2,1,4,1","chisamba,4,1","chisanga,2,1,4,2,10,1","chishim,4,1","chishimba,2,1,4,1","chisvo,10,1","chiteta,10,1","chitopolo,2,1","chiwama,2,1,10,1","chiwele,4,1","chiyoosha,4,1","choice,4,5,10,3,9,2,14,1","choices,2,1,7,1","chola,10,1","choma,2,2","chongo,2,1","choose,4,2,5,1,11,2","choosing,4,1","chose,4,1","chosen,2,1,4,1,10,1,14,2","chris,10,3","chrismar,2,4","christened,7,1","christopher,10,2","chronic,7,1,10,1","church,4,3","churches,4,5","cia,4,1","cigre,8,3","cii,7,3,10,1,8,3","cinnovation,8,1","cipe,8,2","circle,7,73,10,1","circles,7,63,10,10","circulate,4,1,5,1,10,1","circulated,2,1","circulates,2,1","circumstances,4,2,7,1,10,2,9,1,14,10","cities,8,2","citizen,11,1","citizens,2,1,4,1,11,1","city,7,2,10,3,8,3","civil,2,2,4,9,5,7,7,1,10,5,14,23,11,2","ckambikambi,10,1","claim,4,1","claimed,14,1","clarification,5,1,10,1","clarified,4,1,10,1","clarify,5,1,10,1","clarke,10,2","clasp,8,2","class,7,3,10,2,14,11","classes,4,1,7,1,14,2","classified,4,1,10,1","classroom,10,1","claudino,10,1","clause,14,62","clauses,14,4","claypole,10,1","clean,1,1,2,2,4,1,5,1,6,1,7,1,10,136,8,7,11,1","cleaning,9,1","clear,2,2,4,5,5,1,7,8,10,6,8,1,9,1,14,1,11,3","clearance,14,1","clearances,5,1,14,6","clearer,2,1","clearing,10,5","clearly,2,1,5,5,7,5,10,5,8,1,11,1","clement,2,2,4,1,10,3","clerk,10,2","clerks,7,2","client,10,1","clients,4,1","climate,1,1,4,2,5,1,6,1,7,9,10,1,8,45,9,7","climatico,8,1","close,7,5,10,7,9,4,14,1","closed,7,1,10,1","closely,4,4,5,1,7,10,10,1,9,1,15,1","closer,7,1,10,1","closes,10,1","closest,7,1","closing,10,1","closure,7,1,10,1","clotilda,2,1,4,1,10,1","clues,7,1","cluster,7,2","cmusondo,10,1","cni,8,1","cnr,10,2","co,2,14,4,14,7,32,10,78,8,61,14,16,11,2","coal,2,27,4,11,7,3,10,1,9,1,14,1","coalitions,5,3,10,3","coastal,9,1","coating,14,1","coconut,5,1","code,10,2,14,42","codes,5,1,7,1,10,2","coeln,10,1","coffee,7,1","cogeneration,4,7,10,1,14,1","cognizance,14,2","coherent,5,1","coincide,4,1","coincides,7,1","col,10,2","collaborating,2,3,4,2,10,2","collaboration,2,2,4,2,8,1,11,1","collaborative,8,1","collaborators,10,1","collapse,7,1","collared,10,1","colleagues,8,1,11,1","collect,2,1,4,4,7,2,9,1,14,3","collected,2,3,4,13,7,4,10,1,9,1,14,1","collecting,4,6,5,1,7,2,8,4","collection,2,3,4,12,7,42,10,13,8,1,14,2,11,4,15,2","collections,2,1,3,2,7,28,10,14,11,4,15,1","collective,11,1","collectively,7,1,11,3","collects,2,1","college,10,1,8,2","colleges,4,1","collegiate,10,1","collieries,2,3,4,2","colombia,8,3","colombian,8,1","colombo,4,22,10,19,8,10,11,7","colorado,8,4","colossal,7,1","com,1,2,2,11,4,5,6,2,10,22,8,1,12,2","comanagement,7,1","comb,5,1","combination,7,3,4,3,5,1,10,1,9,1,14,1,11,1","combined,2,1,7,5,4,2,5,1,10,2","combines,7,1,10,1","combining,4,1,10,1","combo,10,1","combustion,2,1,4,5","come,2,1,7,3,4,1,10,1,9,1,14,3,11,1","comes,5,2,10,1,14,1","comfortable,7,4","comfortably,7,1","coming,10,1,14,1,11,5","comm,7,2","command,11,1","commenced,2,1,4,2,10,1","commencement,14,13","commencing,14,1","commendable,11,1","commensurate,7,2,9,1","comment,2,1,4,1,10,2","commentaries,10,1","comments,2,1,7,1,5,1,10,1,11,9,15,1","commerce,2,3,4,5,10,4,8,7,14,8","commercial,2,7,7,133,4,10,5,11,10,50,8,1,9,3,14,5,11,6,15,1","commerciales,10,1","commercialised,9,1","commercialization,1,1,2,3,7,16,6,1,10,9,15,26","commercialize,10,2","commercializing,10,1","commercially,7,4,10,5,11,4","commision,10,1","commission,2,3,7,7,4,4,5,9,10,30,8,16,14,381,11,1,15,1","commissioned,7,2","commissioner,10,4,8,1,14,1","commissioners,10,1,14,1","commissioning,7,3,10,1,14,3","commissions,7,21,10,4,14,17,11,1","commit,4,1","commitment,2,1,7,6,4,5,10,6","commitments,7,3,10,3","committed,2,2,7,2,4,2,10,6,14,14","committee,2,2,7,8,4,6,5,5,10,4,8,2,14,40,11,4","committees,7,24,5,3,10,1,14,2,11,2","committing,11,1","commodities,7,2","common,2,2,7,3,4,1,5,2,10,11,14,3,11,2","commonly,5,1","commonplace,10,1","communicate,2,3,7,1,4,7,11,4","communicated,4,1","communicating,4,2,10,1,14,1,11,6","communication,2,4,7,5,4,9,10,6,8,1,14,6,11,2","communications,2,2,7,3,4,4,10,5,8,2,14,1","communiqué,10,3","communities,2,6,7,4,4,15,5,2,10,6,11,8","community,2,7,7,12,4,25,5,8,10,23,8,2,11,11","communitybased,7,1","compact,7,1","compactness,7,1","companies,2,15,7,17,4,7,5,4,10,35,8,4,14,39,11,3,15,1","company,2,10,7,21,4,6,5,2,10,22,8,7,14,118,11,5,15,2","comparable,7,2,8,1","comparative,8,1,11,2,15,1","comparatively,7,1","compare,7,1,11,2","compared,2,2,7,12,4,6,5,1,10,3,11,1,15,1","compares,9,1","comparison,7,1","compatible,2,1,4,1,10,1","compelled,2,1","compelling,14,1","compensate,14,1","compensated,11,1","compensation,14,17","compete,4,1","competence,5,1,10,1","competent,14,2","competing,2,1,4,2,10,1,9,1","competition,2,1,4,5,5,1,10,15,8,3,9,2,14,8,11,1,15,1","competitive,2,4,7,3,10,10","competitively,2,1,7,1","competitiveness,7,2,5,1,14,1","compilation,4,1","compile,2,1,4,1","compiled,7,1","compiling,11,1","complaint,7,5,14,2","complaints,2,1,7,4,10,3","complementary,7,2,4,2","complemented,10,1","complete,2,1,7,3,4,3,10,17,8,3,11,6,15,2","completed,2,19,7,4,4,17,5,4,10,5,8,5,14,1,11,20,15,42","completely,4,2","completing,4,1,10,4","completion,2,7,7,1,4,5,5,1,10,4,14,3,11,5,15,1","complex,7,6,4,1,10,1,11,3","complexities,7,8","compliance,7,6,10,5,14,8,11,4,15,4","compliant,10,1","complicate,5,1,10,2,9,1","complicated,7,4,11,1","complicates,7,1,5,1","complicating,7,1,10,1","complication,5,1,10,1","complied,14,4","complies,14,2","compliment,10,1","comply,4,1,14,17","complying,5,1,14,4,11,1","component,7,111,4,2,5,5,10,21,8,1","components,2,2,7,16,4,3,5,4,10,5,8,1","composed,4,1","composite,14,1","composition,2,3,4,3,10,2,14,1","compounded,7,2,4,1,10,1,14,1","compounding,14,5","comprehend,11,1","comprehensive,2,2,7,8,4,3,5,1,10,12,8,3,11,1,15,4","comprehensively,5,1","compression,7,1","compressive,4,1","comprise,7,9,4,1","comprised,7,1,4,1,10,3,14,2","comprising,7,2,14,1,15,1","compromise,2,1","comptroller,14,14","compute,4,1","computer,2,2,10,2,8,1","computerization,7,1,10,1","computerized,15,1","computers,4,2","conceals,14,1","conceived,4,1","conceiving,2,1","concentrated,4,1,5,3,9,2","concentration,2,1,7,1,5,1,10,1","concept,2,10,7,5,4,3,10,2,11,11","concepts,7,5,10,2,8,1,11,10","conceptual,7,3,10,1","concern,4,1,10,6,11,3","concerned,2,2,7,1,10,1,14,27,11,6","concerning,2,1,4,9,5,1,10,3,14,3,11,1","concerns,2,1,4,2,5,1,10,8,8,3,11,1","concert,7,1","concerted,10,1","concession,4,1,8,3","concessional,7,2,4,1,5,1,10,1","concessions,2,1,15,1","conciliation,14,1","concise,10,1,11,1","concisely,11,1","conclude,7,1,15,1","concluded,7,2,10,3,11,3","concludes,7,4,10,1","conclusion,7,4,4,2,14,2","conclusions,2,3,7,1,4,4,9,1,11,6,15,2","conclusively,4,1","concrete,4,1","concurrence,14,2","concurrent,7,3,4,1,5,1,10,4","concurring,14,1","cond,8,1","condensed,4,1","condensers,14,1","condensing,4,1","condition,7,10,4,1,10,5,14,4,11,4","conditional,10,2","conditionalities,7,5,4,1,10,3","conditionality,15,1","conditioning,7,2","conditions,7,24,4,6,5,4,10,9,14,76,11,7","conduced,7,1","conducive,9,1,14,1","conduct,2,2,7,2,4,3,5,3,10,15,14,3,11,2","conducted,2,2,7,8,4,7,5,3,10,25,8,1,14,1,11,15,15,1","conducting,2,1,7,1,4,3,5,1,10,4,14,1,11,4","conductor,7,8,10,2,14,1","confederation,7,5,10,1,8,4","confer,14,1","conference,10,22,8,35,11,14","conferences,10,5,8,36,11,5","conferred,14,6","confidence,2,1,7,21,5,1,10,4,8,1,11,6","confidential,10,1","confidentiality,10,1","confined,2,1,4,1,5,2","confirm,7,1,4,1,10,1","confirmation,4,1,14,1","confirmed,7,1,10,1,11,1","confirming,14,1","confirms,7,7","conflict,10,2,9,1","conflicting,4,1,9,1","conflicts,7,1,10,1","conform,7,1,10,1,14,2","conforming,14,1","conformity,2,1,4,1,10,1","conforms,14,1","confront,4,1","confronted,7,1","congenration,14,1","congested,7,2,10,1","congestion,10,1,9,1,15,1","congestions,15,1","congo,2,3,4,3,10,12,9,2","congobrazzaville,9,2","conjunction,2,4,7,2,4,1","connected,2,1,7,50,4,3,5,3,10,1,14,17,11,2","connecting,14,1","connection,2,1,4,3,9,1,14,24,11,1","connections,7,8,5,1,10,6","connectivity,2,1,4,1,14,4","connects,14,2","connivance,14,1","connives,14,1","cons,7,2,10,1","conscious,11,1","consecutive,11,1","consensus,2,3,4,5,10,7,14,2,11,1","consent,14,10,11,1","consented,14,1","consequence,7,1,5,6,10,1,11,2","consequences,7,1","consequent,2,1","consequential,14,3","consequently,2,1,4,1,10,2,11,4","conservancy,8,2","conservation,2,1,7,7,4,13,5,4,10,8,8,7,9,4,14,2,15,1","conserve,5,1","consider,7,6,4,1,10,7,14,9,11,8","considerable,2,3,7,7,4,6,10,4,11,9","considerably,7,6,4,1","consideration,2,2,7,9,4,10,5,1,10,4,14,1,11,1,15,1","considerations,7,1,4,1,5,2,10,1,9,1,15,1","considered,2,1,7,44,4,4,5,2,10,7,14,9,11,1,15,2","considering,7,5,4,1,10,1,14,1,11,5","considers,14,6","consist,2,2,7,2,4,1,14,7","consisted,5,1,10,6","consistency,10,1,8,4","consistent,2,1,7,5,10,4,14,5,15,2","consistently,10,1","consisting,2,2,7,2,4,1,5,1,14,6","consists,2,1,7,1,10,2,14,3","consolidate,14,1","consolidated,10,1,15,5","consolidation,15,2","conspicuous,14,1","constant,7,3,10,1,9,1,11,1","constantly,7,1","constituency,4,1","constitute,2,1,4,3,14,8","constituted,10,1,14,21","constitutes,7,2","constitution,7,3,4,1,5,2,14,16","constrained,7,3,4,1,10,1","constraint,10,1","constraints,2,5,7,3,4,6,14,2","construct,2,1,4,2,10,1,14,1,11,1","constructed,4,1,14,3","constructing,14,1","construction,2,6,7,14,4,11,5,5,10,4,9,1,14,6","constructive,11,2","construed,14,4","consultancy,2,3,7,2,4,1","consultant,2,5,7,4,4,1,10,10,14,1","consultants,2,2,7,9,4,4,10,10,8,1,14,1","consultation,2,13,7,2,4,19,5,3,10,12,14,17,11,4","consultations,2,14,7,1,4,4,10,22","consultative,2,5,4,3,10,2,8,1","consultaton,10,1","consulted,4,2","consulting,2,1,7,5,10,9,14,1,11,1","consumables,7,1","consume,5,2,14,1","consumed,2,1,7,2,4,6,5,1,10,3,14,1","consumer,2,16,7,135,4,15,5,2,10,51,8,13,14,44,11,26,15,1","consumer1,7,2","consumers,2,11,7,105,4,10,5,11,10,32,8,1,14,18,11,34","consummated,7,1","consumption,2,12,7,68,3,1,4,17,5,15,10,13,9,4,14,7,15,1","contact,10,1,8,1","contacts,5,1,10,1","contain,5,1,10,1,14,2","contained,2,1,4,1,10,3,14,45,11,1","containing,4,1,10,1,14,1,11,1","contains,2,1,4,1,10,1","contemplated,7,5,10,2","contemplates,7,3","content,5,1,10,3,8,1","contentious,5,1,10,1","contents,2,2,7,4,4,3,5,1,10,1,8,2,11,2,15,4","context,2,71,7,11,4,8,5,2,10,12,8,4,14,2,11,2,15,1","conti,9,2","contiguous,10,1,14,1","continent,9,4","contingency,4,1","contingent,7,1","continuance,7,1,14,1","continuation,2,1,7,1,4,1,10,1,8,1","continue,2,4,7,5,4,6,10,7,14,15,11,2","continued,7,3,4,3,10,10,14,3,15,8","continues,7,4,10,4,9,1,14,5","continuing,7,3,5,1,14,4","continuity,5,1,14,4","continuous,2,2,7,3,10,1,15,1","continuously,2,1,7,1,4,1,10,2,14,1","continuum,10,1","contract,2,11,7,4,4,4,5,1,10,3,8,2,14,3,11,4,15,8","contracted,14,1","contracting,7,1,10,1,15,3","contractor,7,8,11,1","contractors,7,13,10,4,11,1","contracts,10,4,14,3,11,2,15,1","contractual,2,1,4,1,10,2,11,6,15,3","contrary,14,6","contrast,7,3","contrasted,7,1","contrasts,7,1","contravene,14,2","contravened,14,2","contravenes,14,1","contravening,14,1","contravention,14,5","contribute,2,3,4,8,10,3","contributed,2,1,7,1,10,2,8,2,11,1,15,1","contributes,2,5,4,3,10,3","contributing,2,3,7,2,4,2,11,1","contribution,2,4,7,2,4,6,10,2","contributions,2,1,7,1,4,1,5,2,10,1","contributor,5,1","contributory,9,1","control,7,12,4,1,5,1,10,28,8,4,14,23","controlled,7,6,5,1,10,2,14,6","controller,7,2,10,2","controllers,4,2","controlling,2,1,7,4,4,1,11,1","controls,2,1,7,7,11,1","conusutlatnts,10,1","convene,2,2,4,2","convened,10,1,15,1","convenient,7,2,10,2","convening,4,1,10,1","convenor,5,2,14,1","convention,8,2","conventional,2,4,7,5,4,3,10,1,9,1,14,1","conventions,11,1","conversation,8,1","conversations,10,1","conversely,7,2,10,1","conversion,7,6,10,1,9,2","converters,14,1","converting,4,1,14,1,11,1","conveyance,14,7","conveyed,10,1","convicted,14,2","conviction,14,6,11,1","convince,7,1,11,1","convincing,11,1","cook,4,2","cooking,2,1,4,5,5,1,10,3,9,2","cookstoves,9,1","cooling,7,1,10,1","coop,11,1","cooperate,10,2,11,2","cooperating,2,3,11,1","cooperation,7,3,4,1,10,13,8,7,11,2,15,1","cooperative,7,14,14,1,11,9","cooperatives,2,1,7,32,4,1,10,11,11,18","cooperators,7,1","coops,11,1","coordinate,7,3,4,1,10,5,14,1,11,2,15,1","coordinated,7,1,4,1,10,3,14,2","coordinating,4,7,5,1,10,5,11,1","coordination,2,10,7,13,4,11,10,21,8,2,9,1,14,3,11,4,15,4","coordinator,2,1,4,5,10,2,11,2","coordinators,11,1","cop,7,2","cop8,8,1","cope,11,1","copies,2,1,4,1,14,4","copper,2,1,4,2","copperbelt,2,7,4,3,10,9","copy,1,1,6,1,14,12,12,1","cordinator,10,1","core,1,5,2,73,7,186,4,183,5,38,6,5,10,336,8,36,11,116,12,5,15,50","coreintl,1,2,6,2,8,1,12,2","corollary,7,1","corp,10,5","corporate,7,12,10,12,9,1,14,7,15,4","corporation,2,4,7,64,4,1,5,1,10,33,8,11,14,11,15,1","corporations,8,1,11,1","correct,4,2,10,1,14,1","correction,7,1","corrections,7,1","correctness,14,2","correlated,8,2","correspond,7,8","corresponding,2,1,7,15,4,1,14,1","corresponds,7,12","corruption,7,1,5,2","cosmas,10,1","cosmos,10,1","cosponsor,4,1","cost,2,10,7,67,4,38,5,17,10,37,8,20,9,6,14,5,11,6,15,1","costa,8,2","costeffective,4,1,11,1","costing,2,1,7,3,5,1","costly,2,3,7,1,4,4,10,1","costs,2,12,7,14,4,25,5,5,10,12,8,3,9,3,11,2","costumer,7,1","costumers,7,3","cotr,7,1","cotrading,10,1","cottage,2,1","could,2,7,7,74,4,20,5,6,10,17,8,1,14,1,11,13,15,1","council,7,6,4,2,5,2,10,4,8,4,14,1,11,1","councils,5,4,10,1","counsel,10,1","counseling,5,1","counter,9,1","counteract,4,1","counterpart,4,1","counterparts,7,5,4,2,10,6,8,3,15,2","countries,2,6,7,4,4,22,5,4,10,107,8,39,9,9,11,33,15,1","country,2,40,7,19,4,59,5,10,10,123,8,14,9,4,14,2,11,24,15,6","countrymen,11,1","counts,11,3","coupled,7,3,4,2","course,5,1,10,28,8,12,14,5,11,117,15,3","courses,2,2,10,6,8,3,11,14,15,2","court,14,80","courtesy,4,1","courts,14,5","covenants,7,2,14,1","cover,2,2,7,7,4,1,5,1,10,4,15,1","coverage,7,11,5,1","covered,7,1,4,3,10,3,8,4,11,1,15,1","covering,2,2,7,3,4,2,5,1,10,1,11,2","covers,4,1","cpc,5,4","cpri,7,5","crafting,7,1,10,1","crane,8,1","create,2,1,7,4,4,6,5,2,10,9,9,1,11,7,15,1","created,2,1,7,4,5,1,10,8,14,1,11,1,15,1","creating,2,2,7,6,4,4,5,1,10,8,8,1,11,14","creation,2,2,7,4,4,2,5,1,10,15,15,1","creative,2,2,7,5,4,1,11,3","credibility,7,4,11,1","credible,4,1,5,1,10,2","credit,2,8,7,41,4,9,5,4,10,3,14,2,11,1","creditable,2,1","credited,14,2","credits,2,2,5,1","creditworthiness,7,1,14,1","creditworthy,7,2","criminal,14,12","cris,2,1,10,1","crisil,7,2","crisis,7,2","criteria,2,2,7,16,4,3,10,1,9,1,11,4","criterion,7,1","critical,2,6,7,13,4,10,5,1,10,11,9,2,11,7,15,1","critically,7,2","criticisms,2,1","critics,11,3","critiquing,8,6","crm,7,20","crop,4,2,5,2,10,1","cropping,7,3,4,1","crops,4,4,9,1","crore,7,6","crores,7,66,10,1","cross,2,3,7,1,4,3,10,1,14,24","crossexamination,10,1","crossletter,10,1","crosssector,4,1","crosssectoral,2,1,4,2","crosssubsidies,7,1","crowds,10,1","crucial,7,7,4,2,10,1,11,1","crucially,7,1,4,1","crude,2,8,5,2","crystallized,2,1","csasa,2,1,4,1","cto,4,1","cubed,7,6","cultivated,4,1","cultivation,4,1,9,1","cultural,4,2,9,1,11,2","culture,7,3,10,3","cum,7,6","cumbersome,2,1","cumconsultants,7,2","currency,10,2","current,2,16,7,26,4,20,5,18,10,20,8,6,9,1,14,7,11,2","currently,2,15,7,23,4,19,5,10,10,13,11,4,15,1","currents,14,1","curtail,7,1","curve,4,2","cushion,7,4","custody,4,1,14,5","customer,7,47,4,1,5,5,10,18,15,1","customers,2,1,7,30,3,1,4,3,5,1,10,24,11,6","cut,7,1,4,1,10,2,14,9","cuts,7,1,5,1,10,1,14,2","cutting,2,2,4,2,10,1,14,1","cycle,7,1,4,4,5,1,10,1,9,1","cycles,7,1","cyclone,14,1","cyril,10,1","cyum,10,1","da,7,1","dahlgren,10,1","daily,2,2,4,7,10,1,9,1,14,2","dakar,8,3","daly,8,1","dam,2,1,14,1","damage,7,1,4,1,10,1,14,10","damaged,14,1","damages,7,1,14,4","dambulla,8,2","damodar,7,1,14,3","dams,4,4,14,2","dana,10,1","dangerously,9,1","dangers,14,1","dangling,7,1","danida,10,1","daniel,9,2","danish,10,1","dar,2,3,10,3","daranagama,5,1","dares,2,1,4,1","darshani,4,1,10,1","dassanayake,11,1","data,2,8,7,20,3,3,4,63,5,8,10,22,8,9,9,5,14,1,11,4","database,2,2,4,2,5,2,8,1","date,2,6,7,1,4,7,5,8,10,14,9,1,14,63,11,1,15,4","dated,10,1","dates,2,1,14,1,11,5","daunting,4,1","david,2,1,10,2","davida,2,1","day,2,1,7,3,4,8,5,1,10,12,8,8,14,4,11,9,15,8","days,4,1,10,2,14,23,11,9,15,2","dbz,10,1","dc,2,2,4,5,10,1","dca,7,2","deal,2,1,4,1,5,1,10,1,11,1","dealing,7,1,5,1,10,3,14,11","dealt,14,3","dean,10,1","death,14,3","deaths,9,1","debate,10,1","debated,10,2","debt,7,36,4,2,10,9,14,3","debts,7,1,10,1,14,2","dec,4,2,8,2,11,2","decade,7,3,5,3,10,4,15,2","decades,7,1,10,3,9,1","decease,7,1","december,2,4,3,1,4,3,10,6,8,8,11,14,15,1","decentralization,4,1,10,1,8,1,9,2,11,2","decentralized,2,1,7,4,4,1,5,1,10,2,11,3","decentralizing,10,1,11,1","decide,4,1,5,1,10,1,15,1","decided,2,1,8,1,14,6,11,3","deciding,14,1","decision,7,2,4,6,5,2,10,12,14,13,11,16,15,1","decisionmaking,10,1","decisions,7,4,4,2,10,4,14,4,11,8,15,1","declaration,10,1,14,1","declare,14,1","declared,14,1","declares,14,1","decline,2,1,5,1,10,3","declined,7,1","declining,2,1,4,1","decrease,7,16,9,1","decreases,7,6","decree,14,3","decreed,10,1","dedicated,2,1,7,2,4,1,10,1,14,3,11,1","deducting,14,1","deed,9,1","deem,14,8","deemed,5,1,14,34","deems,14,2","deep,2,1,7,2,4,3","deepen,10,2","deepened,10,1","deeper,10,1,11,1","deeply,10,2","default,7,2,14,12","defaulted,14,1","defect,14,2","defects,14,1","defence,14,4","deficiencies,7,1,5,1,10,2,11,1,15,1","deficiency,5,1,10,2","deficit,7,2,4,1,10,1","deficits,7,1,10,1","defigueiredo,2,1","define,2,1,4,2,10,8,14,1,11,1","defined,2,2,7,12,4,1,5,1,10,1","defining,2,1,7,2,4,6,10,4","definite,4,1","definitely,11,1","definition,4,3,10,1","definitions,4,1,14,1","deforestation,4,1,10,1","defrayed,14,1","degradation,4,2","degree,7,2,4,1,5,1,9,1","degrees,2,1,7,3","del,8,1","delay,10,1,15,1","delayed,4,1,10,3","delegate,7,1,14,1","delegation,8,1,14,1,11,8","delhi,7,13,8,15,14,4,11,3","deliberated,10,2","delicate,9,1","delineation,10,1,15,1","deliver,7,1,5,1,10,2,9,1,14,2,11,2","deliverable,4,1,15,3","deliverables,4,2,10,5,11,4,15,3","delivered,7,1,10,6,14,4,11,7,15,5","deliveries,11,4","delivering,7,1,10,2,14,2,11,1,15,1","delivers,2,1","delivery,1,1,2,102,7,13,4,16,5,2,6,1,10,54,8,1,9,2,14,4,11,31,15,3","delpine,10,1","demand,2,19,7,17,4,25,5,7,10,25,8,3,9,6,14,4,11,5,15,8","demands,4,3,5,1","demarcation,14,1","demerits,10,1","democratic,2,1","democratization,8,1","demographic,4,2","demographically,7,1","demographics,7,1,4,3","demonstrate,2,2,7,10,4,2,5,1,10,12,11,1","demonstrated,2,2,7,5,4,1,5,3,10,7,11,1","demonstrates,7,2,5,1,10,1,11,1","demonstrating,7,3,10,3","demonstration,7,9,10,4,11,1","demonstrative,7,1","dendro,5,1","dennis,4,1","densely,7,1","denser,7,2","densities,2,1,7,3,10,3","density,4,2,7,19,10,2,9,1","denver,8,2","deophista,4,1","department,2,35,4,20,7,2,10,51,8,15,14,5,11,14","departmentenergy,4,1","departments,2,1,4,2,7,3,10,5,14,2,11,1,15,2","depatch,14,1","depend,2,2,4,4,7,7","dependable,2,1,11,1","dependence,5,4,10,5,15,1","dependency,9,1","dependent,2,2,5,1,7,2,10,4,9,5","depend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isseminate,4,2","disseminating,10,1","dissemination,2,7,4,6,10,3,11,3","dissolution,4,1,10,1","dissolved,5,1,10,1","distance,4,1","distances,4,2,7,2,10,1","distant,11,1","distinct,7,1,10,1","distinguish,7,1","distort,4,2","distrbution,14,1","distress,10,1,14,1","distrib,7,4","distribute,2,1,9,1,14,7","distributed,2,1,4,1,7,13,10,2,9,1,14,1,11,4","distributes,14,2","distributing,7,1,10,1,14,6","distribution,1,1,2,14,4,5,5,9,6,1,7,870,10,148,8,1,9,3,14,123,11,30,15,9","distributions,7,2","distributors,2,1,7,1,10,1,11,2","district,2,1,4,4,5,2,7,10,10,2,14,7,11,3","districts,2,2,5,1,7,2","disturbances,11,1","divergent,9,1","diverse,7,3,10,2,15,1","diversification,10,1","diversified,4,2","diversify,5,1,10,1","diversity,4,2,5,1,10,1,11,1","diverted,2,1,10,1,14,2","diverts,2,1","divide,10,1","divided,4,1,7,2","dividing,8,1","division,7,5,10,9,8,7,14,1,11,1,15,1","divisional,7,2,10,1","djibouti,9,1","dluswili,10,1","dmdeng,10,1","dmiw,2,1","dmjp,10,1","doc,7,4,14,4","dock,14,1","docks,14,1","dockyard,14,3","document,2,8,4,3,5,1,7,2,10,4,8,3,14,11,15,1","documentary,14,1","documentation,7,1,10,1,11,3,15,2","documented,4,2,5,1,7,4,8,3","documenting,5,1,7,1,10,1","documents,5,2,7,3,10,7,14,9,15,2","doddaballpura,11,2","dodson,8,1","doed,11,3","doing,4,1,14,4,11,1","dokle,10,1","domestic,2,2,4,2,5,5,7,41,10,7,9,2,14,3,15,1","domestically,4,1","dominance,9,1","dominant,2,1,10,1,14,1","dominated,2,4,4,4,7,2,10,1","dominates,2,2,4,1,10,1,9,1","dominican,4,1,8,2","donald,10,1","donations,2,1","donor,2,14,4,17,5,3,7,4,10,26,8,1,11,2,15,7","donors,2,5,4,11,5,5,7,6,10,17,8,1,11,4","door,11,1","doors,10,1","dormant,10,1","dorothy,4,1","dos,9,2","dotted,7,1","double,7,1","doubled,7,1,10,1","doubt,7,1","dow,2,1","down,4,1,7,6,10,1,14,9,11,1","downstream,2,1,7,1","dozen,7,1","dpc,7,2","dpcs,7,1","dpr,7,2","dr,2,3,4,7,5,1,7,60,10,22,8,3,9,1,11,1","draft,2,16,4,9,10,3,8,1,14,4,11,1,15,8","drafted,4,1,11,1","drafting,2,1,4,2","drafts,7,4,15,1","drag,4,2,7,1","drain,7,3,10,1,9,1,14,1","drainages,9,1","drains,14,2","dramatic,4,1","dramatically,5,1","drastic,4,1","draw,2,2,4,1,7,1,14,1","drawback,2,1","drawbacks,2,1","drawing,4,1,10,1","drawn,2,2,4,4,7,1","draws,2,1","drc,2,2","drew,7,1","dricteur,10,1","drin,15,1","drini,10,2","drinking,4,3,9,1,14,1","drive,4,2,7,2,10,3","driven,5,2,7,6,10,5,11,5","driver,5,1,10,1","drivers,4,1,7,1","drives,7,1,9,1","drop,7,1","dropping,7,2","droughts,5,2","drum,10,15","dry,4,8,5,1,7,1,10,1","dsc,7,1","dsce,7,1","dscr,7,12","dsm,7,34,10,2,11,1","du,5,2","due,2,5,4,11,5,6,7,51,10,18,8,1,9,4,14,16,11,11,15,2","dues,7,8,14,2","duly,14,7","duncan,10,1","duration,4,1,7,8,10,1,8,1,9,1,11,4,15,1","durban,10,2","during,2,7,4,17,5,3,7,36,10,30,8,8,9,1,14,11,11,21,15,5","duties,14,26","duty,14,7","dvogel,1,1,6,1,12,1","dwellers,2,1","dwelling,7,1","dy,5,1","dyelec,10,4","dylec,10,1","dynamic,4,2,10,2,11,1","dynamics,10,1,11,3,15,1","e3,7,2","e891,2,1,10,1","eager,10,2","eai,8,3","earlier,2,2,4,2,7,6,10,8,14,8","earliest,2,1,14,1","early,2,2,4,2,5,1,7,9,10,13","earned,7,1","earners,10,1","earning,2,2,4,1,5,2,10,2","earnings,7,3,11,1","earth,14,1","easier,7,1,10,1","easily,4,1,10,1,11,2","easoeb,10,1","east,2,3,4,5,5,7,10,6,9,1,15,1","eastern,2,9,4,2,7,1,8,1,9,2","easy,4,4,7,1,10,1","eberhard,10,2","ebrd,10,4","ec,10,3","eca,7,2","ecb,10,23,8,2","ecf,4,8,5,2","eco,7,6,10,1","ecologica,8,1","ecological,9,1","ecology,5,1,8,1","ecomomic,10,1","economic,2,24,4,61,5,27,7,18,10,41,8,4,9,3,14,5,11,17,15,1","economical,10,2,14,8","economically,2,1,4,1,7,1,10,3,11,1","economics,4,5,7,1,10,2,14,6,11,5","economies,4,1,7,1,10,3,9,1,11,1","economist,2,2,10,8","economy,2,4,4,12,5,4,7,3,10,9,8,3,9,1,14,6,11,3","ecuador,8,5","edification,4,1","edita,10,1","edited,7,2","editing,2,1,4,1","edm,10,12","edmdipla,10,2","edsp,5,2","educate,4,1,7,2","educated,4,6,7,3,10,1","educating,4,1,10,1,8,1","education,2,16,4,18,5,1,7,19,10,15,9,2,11,8","edward,10,1","edwards,7,2","eec,10,1","eeec,7,9,10,1","eetp,2,7,10,4,8,1,11,1","effect,4,1,5,1,7,2,10,2,14,23,11,2","effected,14,4","effective,2,3,4,12,5,2,7,26,10,11,8,2,14,4,11,8,15,1","effectively,2,3,4,8,5,2,7,1,10,2,9,1,11,3","effectiveness,2,2,7,2,10,2,8,1,11,3","effects,2,1,5,4,10,1,8,1,11,1","efficiencies,2,2,4,1,7,4,10,1,9,1","efficiency,2,7,4,3,5,3,7,54,10,31,8,16,9,4,14,11,11,2","efficiencytrouble,7,1","efficient,2,9,4,8,5,2,7,19,10,15,8,1,9,1,14,8,11,1","efficiently,2,1,4,2,5,1,7,1,9,2,14,2","effluent,8,1","effort,4,4,5,1,7,15,10,14,11,3,15,1","efforts,2,6,4,14,7,4,10,26,9,2,11,4,15,1","eg,5,2","egat,2,2,4,4,10,2","egcaz,4,1","egypt,5,1","ehcof,2,1,4,1,10,2","ehs,2,1,10,1","ehv,7,1","ehvac,8,1","eia,4,1,8,14","eib,10,2","eight,2,2,10,3,8,2,14,2,11,1","eighteen,10,1,11,1","eighth,10,1","eighty,2,1,4,1,14,2","eit,2,1,4,1,10,1","either,2,1,4,4,5,1,7,2,10,1,14,10","ekono,4,1","elaborates,2,1,4,2","elaboration,2,1,4,2","elasticities,5,1","elecrticity,10,2","election,4,1,5,5,10,3","elections,4,1,10,1","electric,2,3,4,4,5,11,7,62,10,33,8,5,9,2,14,75,11,47,15,1","electrical,2,3,4,3,5,2,7,5,10,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ent,4,1","incremental,4,1,7,1","increments,4,1","incumbent,7,2","incur,7,1","incurred,14,10","incurring,7,1,10,1","indebted,10,1","indeed,7,1","indefinite,4,1","indeni,2,6,4,1","indenture,7,2","independence,2,2,4,2,7,1,10,2","independent,2,2,4,1,5,2,7,6,9,1,10,9,11,3,15,1","independently,14,2,11,1","indepth,11,1","index,4,3,14,1","india,1,1,4,1,5,1,6,1,7,336,8,49,10,47,14,26,11,41","indian,7,33,8,9,10,16,14,12,11,12","indians,7,1","indicate,4,3,7,3,10,1","indicated,5,7,10,2,11,2","indicates,2,1,4,2,5,1,7,9,10,1","indication,2,1","indications,5,2,7,1,10,1","indicative,4,1,7,1","indicator,4,2,5,1,14,6","indicators,2,2,4,5,7,5,9,2,10,1,11,3","indices,11,1","indigenous,2,6,4,5,7,1,10,2","indirect,7,2,8,1","indirectly,2,1,9,1,10,1,14,1","indiscipline,7,1","individual,2,3,4,6,5,1,7,8,10,5,11,2,15,4","individually,7,1","individuals,2,2,4,5,7,6,8,6,10,2,14,3,11,1","indonesia,4,1,8,6","indoor,5,3,9,4","induce,11,3","induction,14,2","indulging,14,1","industrial,2,6,4,9,5,1,7,28,8,1,9,1,10,5,14,4","industrialization,4,2","industrialized,2,1,4,1,10,3","industries,2,1,4,6,5,2,7,5,8,1,10,7,11,2","industry,2,18,4,16,5,8,7,15,8,16,10,28,14,11,11,4,15,11","ineffective,2,1,4,2,10,1","ineffectual,10,2","inefficiencies,7,2","inefficiency,7,4","inefficient,7,8,9,1,10,12","inefficiently,4,1","inequities,9,1,10,1","inevitable,9,1,10,1","inevitably,4,1","infancy,11,1","influence,2,2,4,2,5,1,7,6,10,4","influenced,4,1,10,1","influences,5,1","influencing,7,3","info,7,1","inform,2,1,4,2,10,2","informacion,8,1","informal,4,5,10,1","informatics,4,2,10,1","information,2,34,4,73,5,2,7,13,8,14,10,37,14,16,11,25","informational,4,2","informative,4,1","informed,2,1,4,2,7,2,10,2,14,1,11,6","informing,14,1","infrastructural,9,1","infrastructure,2,13,4,10,5,2,7,38,8,25,9,5,10,17,14,1,11,4,15,2","infrastructures,2,1","infusion,7,1","inga,4,1,9,1","ingles,10,1","inglespito,10,1","ingrained,7,1,10,2","ingrid,10,2","inhabitants,2,2,4,1","inherent,7,4,10,2","inherited,7,1","inhibit,7,1,10,1","inhibited,10,1","inhibitor,7,1,10,1","inhibits,10,3","inin,2,1","ining,4,1","initial,2,10,4,25,5,9,7,12,10,21,15,4","initializing,11,1","initially,5,3,7,3,10,2,11,3","initiate,2,3,4,4,5,2,7,6,8,1,10,5,11,2","initiated,2,1,4,2,5,2,7,8,10,11,14,3,11,5","initiating,4,1,7,1,11,4","initiation,4,2,5,1,8,1,10,3","initiative,2,20,4,19,7,26,8,7,10,20,11,78","initiatives,2,4,4,12,5,6,7,22,8,3,9,1,10,23,11,4","injecting,7,1","injunction,14,1","injure,14,2","injures,14,3","injuring,14,2","injuriously,14,4","injury,14,4","inland,2,1,10,1","inmakumba,2,1","inmedia,15,1","inner,4,1,10,1","innovation,4,1,7,1,8,1","innovative,4,1,7,7,10,5,11,1","inp,7,1","input,2,9,4,7,7,70,10,13,11,1,15,1","inputs,2,2,4,7,5,1,7,7,10,2,11,3","inquire,14,1","inquiries,14,1","inquiry,7,1,14,12","inside,10,1","insight,10,2,11,2","insightful,10,1","insights,7,2,8,1,10,2,11,10","insignificant,7,1","insofar,14,1","insolation,4,1,5,1","insolvency,14,1","insolvent,7,1,10,1,14,1","inspect,14,3","inspecting,14,1","inspection,10,1,14,14","inspections,5,1","inspector,10,5,14,20","inspectors,14,2","instability,4,1,9,1,10,1,11,1","install,2,1,7,3","installation,2,7,4,5,7,5,10,3,14,12","installations,2,2,5,1,14,2","installed,2,8,4,12,5,6,7,5,10,4,14,3,15,2","installing,7,1,10,2,11,2","installments,7,2","installs,14,1","instance,7,1","instances,7,7","instead,4,2,10,2,14,1,11,1","instill,10,1","instilled,10,1","institute,7,20,8,13,10,6,11,5,15,2","instituted,2,1,7,2,14,3","institutes,2,1,7,3,8,1","instituting,2,1","institution,2,20,4,16,5,3,7,12,10,5,14,4,11,3,15,2","institutional,2,11,4,9,5,1,7,41,8,2,10,73,11,4,15,11","institutionalization,10,2","institutionalize,2,2,4,2,10,2","institutionalized,7,1","institutionalizing,2,2","institutionally,4,1","institutions,2,27,4,17,5,10,7,45,8,6,9,1,10,38,14,2,11,12,15,5","instructions,7,2,11,1","instructors,11,3","instrument,14,3,11,1","instrumental,7,2,10,1","instruments,7,5,9,1,10,1,14,2,15,1","insufficient,2,1,4,2,14,1","insulated,2,1,7,5,10,1","insulator,14,1","insurance,8,2","insurances,7,1,8,1","insure,4,6","insurgency,5,1","insurmountable,4,1","insurrection,4,2,5,4,10,3","intake,4,1","inte,7,1","integral,7,4,10,2","integrate,2,2,4,5,7,3,10,3,11,2","integrated,2,1,4,4,5,3,7,6,8,1,10,25,14,8,11,9,15,3","integrating,2,2,4,2,8,2,9,1","integration,2,4,4,7,8,5,10,5,11,16","integrity,14,2","intellectual,4,1","intelligent,4,1","intend,10,1,11,4","intendance,14,1","intended,2,3,4,5,5,1,7,1,10,12,14,5","intending,14,6","intends,2,1,4,1,14,2","intense,7,1","intensify,2,2","intensive,4,1,7,2,8,1,10,1,11,1","intent,4,1,5,1,14,1","intention,10,1,14,3","intentions,4,1,10,1","inter,2,1,7,1,10,2,14,24","interact,8,3,11,2","interacted,11,1","interacting,7,1,10,2,11,6","interaction,4,2,7,3,10,4,11,7","interactions,7,1,10,1","interactive,7,1,8,1,10,1","interchange,10,1","interconnected,4,1,10,1","interconnection,2,1,10,6","interconnections,2,2,4,2,10,6,14,1","interconnector,2,3","interconnects,2,1","intercontinental,4,1","interest,2,5,4,2,7,46,10,5,14,40,11,18","interested,2,4,4,2,7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anza,2,1,10,1","muyunda,2,1,10,1","muzuma,2,2,4,1","mv,5,1","mw,2,20,4,19,5,3,7,22,8,1,9,3,10,7,15,4","mwale,10,1","mwango,2,1,10,1","mwanza,2,1,4,1,10,2","mwape,10,2","mwcenza,4,1","mwed,10,1","mwelwa,10,1","mwenda,10,2","mwenechanya,2,1,10,4","mwenya,4,1","mwenyamukuka,4,1","mwila,10,1","mwinilunga,2,2,4,3","mwp,10,3","myself,2,1","myths,4,1","mz,10,7","n°,10,1","na,5,2,10,7","nabwalya,2,1","nacional,8,2,10,1","nadu,7,1","nae,10,16","nagar,14,1","nagendran,4,1,10,1","nairobi,9,1","nakonde,2,1,4,2","nalgonda,7,1","nalikena,4,1","nam,10,1","namdeb,10,1","name,2,4,4,5,8,5,10,37,11,1,14,10","named,8,1","namely,2,2,4,3,5,1,7,1,14,23","names,14,2","namibia,2,1,4,2,8,4,10,137","namibian,8,1,10,9","naming,14,1","nampow,10,1","nampower,8,1,10,17","nanotechnology,8,1","narang,7,1","narrative,7,1","narrowly,2,1,10,1","naruc,7,1,8,2,10,5","nascent,5,1,10,2","nasser,10,6","nathaniel,10,1","nation,2,2,4,1,8,3,11,2","national,2,109,4,121,5,17,7,31,8,21,9,6,10,146,11,3,14,38,15,12","nationale,10,1","nationally,10,1","nationals,4,1,11,2","nationmaster,4,2","nations,2,2,4,5,5,1,7,4,10,2","nationwide,4,2,5,1","natsci,2,1,4,1","natural,2,4,4,4,5,1,7,3,8,4,9,1,10,14,14,3","nature,2,2,4,1,5,1,7,3,8,2,10,10,14,9,15,2","navigation,14,1","naw,10,1","nazir,11,1","nbfi,10,1","ndeke,2,1,4,1,10,1","ndlela,10,4","ndola,2,5,4,2,10,1","ndzimandze,10,1","nea,8,5,10,2,11,6","near,2,3,4,7,5,1,7,4,8,1,10,3,11,3,14,3","nearby,4,3","nearer,7,1","nearly,4,3,5,2,10,7","necessarily,4,1,5,1,7,2","necessary,2,3,4,8,5,3,7,7,9,2,10,10,11,4,14,29","necessitate,7,1","necessitated,10,1","necessitates,7,2","necessity,7,1,14,1","neck,4,1","necomw,10,1","needed,2,4,4,8,5,5,7,12,10,10,11,3,15,3","neediest,2,1","needs,2,12,4,18,5,5,7,14,8,7,9,3,10,36,11,14,15,17","negative,4,1,5,1,7,2,8,1,10,1","negatively,2,1,4,1,10,1","neglect,5,1,7,1,9,1,14,1","neglects,14,1","negligence,14,1","negligent,7,1","negligently,14,3","negligible,2,1,4,1,7,1,11,1","negotiate,11,2","negotiated,2,1,4,1,5,1,7,2","negotiating,7,1,10,2,11,5","negotiation,10,1,11,3","negotiations,10,1,11,3","neighboring,4,1,8,3,10,4,11,2","neighbors,10,1","neil,4,1,10,1","neither,5,3,7,1,14,3","neogi,7,2","nep,2,10,4,2,10,11","nepal,7,1,8,29,10,1,11,91","nepalese,8,1,11,3","nepotism,10,1","nesco,7,2,10,2,11,3","net,4,3,7,17,10,7","netangola,10,1","network,2,5,4,1,5,3,7,25,10,2,11,4","networking,8,1,10,1","networks,4,3,7,13,9,1,10,7,15,1","neutral,4,1,10,1","never,2,1,10,2","nevertheless,2,1","new,1,1,2,18,4,27,5,7,6,1,7,98,8,25,9,3,10,51,11,23,14,4,15,3","newfound,11,1","newly,2,1,4,3,7,8,10,3,15,1","news,4,4","newsletter,4,3,10,1","newspaper,4,3,10,1","newspapers,4,2,14,1","nexant,4,2,5,1,7,1,11,7","next,2,8,4,8,5,3,7,4,8,1,10,12,11,1,14,1,15,1","nexus,4,6,7,3,10,1,11,1","ngandu,10,1","ngenda,10,1","ngendas,10,1","ngo,2,5,4,3,5,4,7,6,8,1,10,5,11,5","ngobenim,10,2","ngoma,2,1,4,1,10,1","ngos,2,11,4,8,7,24,8,5,10,23,11,3","ngosa,2,1,10,1","nguelume,10,1","nguelusp,10,1","nguluwe,2,1,10,1","ngushi,4,1","nhpc,7,2","nhuluwe,4,1","nhumaio,10,2","nice,11,1","nicoline,10,2","niger,9,1","nigeria,8,2,9,3","nile,9,1","nine,4,1,10,3,11,1","nineties,7,2","ninety,4,1,14,2","nird,7,1","njobvu,10,1","nkana,10,2","nkiet,10,1","nkumbi,10,1","nkunga,10,1","nm,2,1,4,1","nnethethe,10,1","nodal,4,1,7,2","noida,7,17","nominal,7,1,14,2","nominate,14,3","nominated,10,1,14,4","nomination,14,2","nominations,11,1","non,2,10,4,12,5,1,7,41,10,20,11,3,14,12,15,2","nonavinakere,7,1","noncommercial,4,1","nonconventional,11,1,14,1","none,10,3","nonemember,10,1","nonexistent,2,1,4,1","nongovernmental,4,1,14,2","nonrecourse,7,1,10,1","nonrenewable,11,1","nonrural,7,1","nontechnical,7,1,10,2,15,1","nonviability,7,2","nor,5,2,7,1,14,3","norad,10,1","nordic,10,1","normal,2,1,4,1,7,1,10,1,11,1","normally,4,3,11,1","norms,14,1","norplan,4,1","north,2,8,4,12,5,12,7,1,8,1,9,2,10,8","northeast,4,2,10,4","northern,2,2,4,3,7,1,9,1,10,1,11,2","norway,7,1","norwegian,10,1","nos,7,18","notable,7,1,10,2","notably,4,2,10,2","note,4,1,7,2,9,1,10,1,11,2","noted,4,2,7,7,10,19","notes,2,1","nothing,14,10","notice,14,51","noticeable,4,1","notices,14,2","notification,10,1,14,33","notified,14,12","notify,14,10","notorious,5,1","notwithstanding,2,1,14,26","nov,4,1,8,4,10,4,11,6","november,2,3,3,4,4,6,5,3,7,1,8,20,10,10,11,5,15,6","npc,7,5","nreca,7,2","nref,10,3","nrel,8,5","nrse,2,7,4,1","ntal,10,1","nthala,10,2","nthethe,10,1","ntholengeconomic,10,1","ntion,7,1","ntions,7,1","ntlamatechnical,10,2","ntlamelleprincipal,10,2","ntpc,7,16,10,1","ntsokolo,10,2","ntsokom,10,1","nu,5,1","nuclear,7,1,14,2","nucleus,7,2","nuisance,14,1","nul,10,2","number,2,7,4,15,5,9,7,49,8,7,10,39,11,4,14,1,15,3","numbers,4,1,8,1,14,1","numerous,4,2,7,2,8,3,10,5,11,1","nurse,10,1","nutrient,9,1","nutshell,4,1","nyambose,10,1","nyasulu,10,1","nyerere,10,2","nygarden,2,1,10,1","nyimba,2,1,10,1","nyirenda,2,2,4,2,10,1","oath,14,6","oaths,14,1","object,9,1,14,3","objection,14,3","objections,14,8","objective,2,11,4,13,5,1,7,10,8,1,10,12,11,16,15,2","objectives,2,22,4,23,5,8,7,9,8,7,10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,10,6","spotmarket,10,1","spots,4,2","spread,2,1,7,3,10,1","spreading,7,1","spreadsheet,11,1","springs,2,8,4,4","spur,4,2","spurred,4,1","spv,5,7,11,1","sq,7,8","square,4,1,14,1","sr,7,1","sreen,7,2","srei,7,1,10,1","sri,1,2,2,1,4,176,5,120,6,2,8,25,10,103,11,54","ss,4,1","stability,5,2,10,3,14,2","stabilizers,7,1","stable,2,2,4,5,5,1,10,3,14,1","staff,2,1,4,7,7,8,8,2,10,5,11,11,14,3,15,1","staffing,7,1,10,3,15,1","stage,2,1,4,10,5,2,7,2,10,3,14,1","stages,2,1,4,2,7,1,10,4,11,2,14,1","stagnant,10,1","stagnated,2,1","stakeholder,2,13,4,35,5,4,7,7,8,5,10,41,11,2","stakeholders,2,33,4,56,5,3,7,4,8,10,10,75,11,18,15,7","stalks,9,1","stall,7,1","stalled,5,1","stance,4,1","stand,2,4,4,7,7,1,10,3,14,4","standard,2,2,4,4,5,1,7,3,8,1,10,2,13,4,14,1","standardization,11,1","standards,2,11,4,3,5,3,7,28,8,5,10,9,11,4,14,25","standby,2,1,4,3","standing,7,2,14,4","standpoint,5,1,7,3,10,1","stands,4,1,10,1","standstill,5,1","stansla,10,1","stark,7,1","start,2,25,4,30,7,4,10,3,11,4","started,2,2,4,2,7,1,10,2,11,3","starter,7,1","starting,2,1,5,2,7,4,10,2","startup,7,1","state,2,1,4,5,5,1,7,160,8,3,10,57,11,7,14,321,15,1","stated,4,2,5,1,7,2,10,2,11,2,14,1","statement,4,2,5,2,10,15,14,3,15,22","statements,4,1,7,6,14,1","stateowned,7,3","staterun,10,1","states,5,1,7,90,8,2,10,21,14,12,15,1","statewide,7,2","stating,14,2","station,2,6,4,1,7,8,10,3,14,27","stationary,2,1,4,2","stations,2,11,4,13,7,10,10,1,14,14","statistical,8,1","statistics,2,6,4,11,5,1,6,1,8,12,10,1,14,3","status,2,74,4,7,5,2,7,4,8,1,10,18,11,4,15,4","statutory,2,6,14,1","stau,10,1","stay,11,3","steadily,15,1","steady,7,1","steam,4,6,5,2","steering,2,1,5,3,11,2","stem,8,2,10,3","stems,5,1","step,2,4,4,2,7,2,10,5,14,3,15,3","stepby,15,1","stephen,10,1","stepped,7,1","steps,2,6,4,6,7,4,10,15,11,1,15,8","steven,10,1","stifles,9,1","still,2,4,4,1,5,2,7,4,10,7,11,4,15,1","stimulate,2,1","stimulating,2,2,4,1,7,2","stimulation,7,1","stimulus,10,1","stipulated,14,10","stipulating,14,1","stm,4,1","stock,2,1,14,1,15,1","stocked,14,1","stockkholm,10,1","stolen,11,1,14,4","stood,7,6,14,2","stop,5,1","stoppage,7,1","storage,4,2,7,1","store,4,2","stored,14,1","stores,14,1","stories,7,3,8,3,11,1","storms,14,1","stove,2,1,4,2","stoves,2,1,4,2","str,10,2","straightforward,4,1","strain,4,1,10,1","strained,7,2","strapped,7,1","strategic,2,1,4,2,7,20,8,3,10,7,11,2,15,1","strategically,7,4,10,1","strategies,2,4,4,3,5,1,7,3,8,2,10,9,11,1,15,1","strategy,2,22,4,40,5,7,7,20,8,3,10,35,11,2,15,11","stratified,4,3","straw,5,1","stream,4,2,5,1,7,2,10,1","streamflow,4,1","streamlining,2,1,7,1,10,2","streams,2,2,4,1","street,4,1,7,1,11,1,14,7","streets,14,2","strength,7,5,10,1","strengthen,2,1,7,4,10,4,11,1","strengthened,2,1,4,2,10,1","strengthening,2,3,7,3,8,4,10,8,15,1","strengths,5,1","stress,10,1","stressed,4,1,10,4,11,1","stresses,7,1","strictest,2,1","strictly,11,1","strides,4,1,10,1","strikes,11,1","striking,7,1","stringent,7,1,10,1","strings,7,1","strong,2,1,4,2,7,3,8,2,10,8","stronger,7,4","strongly,2,3,4,4,7,3,8,1,10,2","structural,7,1,15,1","structure,2,12,4,7,5,5,7,12,8,1,10,21,11,4,14,4,15,3","structured,2,1,10,4","structures,2,4,4,3,7,15,8,2,10,6,11,2,14,1","structuring,7,2,8,1,11,10","struggle,5,1","struggles,10,1","student,2,1,4,1,10,1","students,8,1","studied,4,1","studies,2,6,4,9,5,1,7,4,8,5,9,1,10,9,11,6,14,1","study,2,7,4,32,7,1,8,6,10,22,11,2,14,1,15,2","style,4,1,10,1","styles,4,1","sub,2,6,4,7,5,1,7,29,8,2,9,3,10,19,14,229","sub77,14,1","subclause,14,2","subcommittee,4,11,10,2","subcommittees,4,13,10,1","subcontract,4,54","subcontracting,11,1","subcontractor,4,1","subgroups,2,2,4,1","subject,4,1,7,2,8,4,10,2,14,32","subjected,2,1,4,1,14,1","subjects,4,1,10,2","submission,7,1","submissions,2,1,4,1,10,1","submit,2,2,4,4,7,1,10,3,11,1,14,3,15,1","submits,2,1","submitted,2,1,4,9,5,3,7,5,8,2,10,8,11,6,14,2,15,6","submitting,5,1","subordinated,7,2","subsaharan,9,2","subscribe,14,1","subscribed,14,2","subsection,7,1,14,29","subsections,14,1","subsector,2,3","subsequent,5,2,7,2,10,3,11,1,14,5","subsequently,5,1,10,4","subserve,14,1","subsidence,5,1","subsidiaries,14,2","subsidies,2,3,4,8,5,2,7,20,9,3,10,26,11,2,14,21,15,1","subsidization,4,2,10,2","subsidize,2,1,10,1","subsidized,4,3,7,1,10,2","subsidizing,4,2,11,1","subsidy,2,2,4,14,7,17,10,8,11,14,14,8","subsistence,4,5,10,2","substa,2,1,4,1","substances,14,1","substandard,7,2,10,1","substantial,2,1,4,3,5,1,7,6,10,6,11,1,15,1","substantially,2,3,4,2,7,2,10,2","substantiates,7,1","substantive,2,1,4,1","substation,2,1,4,1,7,11,14,2","substations,2,1,4,2,5,1,7,2","substitution,14,1","subtask,2,1,10,2","subterranean,2,1,4,1","suburban,7,2","succeed,7,1,10,1","succeeded,7,1","success,2,3,4,17,5,2,7,16,8,3,10,5,11,7","successes,4,2,7,2,11,2","successful,2,6,4,11,5,1,7,25,8,2,10,26,11,9","successfully,4,2,7,1,10,2,11,2","succession,14,2","successive,14,3","successor,5,2,7,1,10,1,14,1","sudan,9,1","sudhar,14,1","sue,14,2","sued,14,2","suffer,5,1,7,2,10,1","suffered,5,1,10,1","suffering,7,1,10,2","suffers,4,1,7,1,10,3","sufficient,2,2,4,6,5,4,7,9,10,4,14,2","sufficiently,4,3","sugar,4,2,7,1","sugarcane,2,1,4,2","suggested,4,2,5,1,7,4,10,3,11,1","suggestion,14,1","suggestions,2,1,4,2,5,1,7,2,10,1,11,3,14,6","suggests,7,4,10,2,11,1","suit,4,1,10,1,14,4","suitable,2,3,4,8,7,4,11,4,14,3","suite,4,1,5,1,7,2,8,1,10,2,11,1,15,1","suited,2,1,4,2,5,1,7,1,8,1,11,2","suits,14,1","suleimanne,10,1","sults,7,1","sum,14,12","sumbuwanga,2,1,4,2","summarises,4,1","summarize,2,1,4,1,10,1","summarized,2,1,7,8,10,3,11,1","summarizes,2,4,4,5,5,2,7,3,10,3,11,1","summary,2,4,4,2,5,1,7,4,8,3,10,10,11,1,14,6,15,1","summit,2,1,4,4,5,1,8,2,10,1","summon,14,1","summoning,14,2","sums,14,4","sunlight,4,2","sunninghill,10,3","sunny,10,1","sunrise,14,1","sunset,14,1","sunshine,2,3,4,3","super,14,1","superannuation,14,2","superintendence,14,1","superintendent,7,2","superintendicia,8,1","superintending,7,1","supervise,7,1,10,1","supervised,7,2,10,1","supervision,7,2,10,1,14,4","supervisor,10,2","supervisory,7,2,10,1","supplant,4,1","supplement,7,1","supplemental,7,2,14,2","suppler,2,1,10,1","supplied,2,4,4,3,7,2,10,2,14,21,15,2","supplier,5,1,8,1,10,1,11,1","suppliers,4,3,7,1,10,1,11,1","supplies,2,4,4,3,7,1,8,1,10,1,14,1","supply,2,36,3,1,4,33,5,34,7,77,8,10,9,2,10,48,11,27,14,135,15,1","supplying,2,1,4,3,11,1,14,6","support,1,4,2,27,4,138,5,43,6,4,7,38,8,38,9,2,10,83,11,7,14,3,15,33","supported,2,7,4,2,5,1,7,7,8,8,10,6,11,2,14,3","supporting,2,1,4,2,5,4,7,3,10,3,15,1","supportive,4,1,7,1,10,1","supports,4,1,8,2,9,1,14,1","supposed,2,1,10,3,11,1,14,1","supreme,14,9","surburban,8,1","surcharge,14,36","sure,4,3,10,1,11,2","surface,7,2,8,1,10,1","surfaced,10,1,11,2","surge,15,1","surplus,4,3,7,2,10,1,14,2","surpluses,7,3","surrey,4,2","surrounded,14,1","surrounding,4,1,10,8","surrounds,14,1","survey,2,2,4,6,5,5,10,5,11,13,15,2","surveys,2,2,4,2,7,1,8,2,10,1,11,1","surya,7,2","suspected,14,1","suspend,14,2","suspended,14,3","suspending,14,1","suspension,14,4","suspensions,11,1","sustain,2,1,4,3,5,2,7,1,10,1,11,1,14,1","sustainability,2,4,4,4,7,2,9,1,10,4,11,5","sustainable,2,22,4,17,5,2,7,8,8,3,10,23,11,12","sustained,2,1,7,15,10,2","sustaining,5,1,7,3","suzana,10,1","swa,10,1","swapan,7,2","swaps,7,1","swaziland,10,19","sweat,7,2","sweden,2,3,10,5","swedish,2,3,4,4,10,4","sweet,2,1,4,2","swet,8,1","switch,14,3","switchgear,14,1","switchgears,14,1","sydney,8,2","symposium,8,10","symth,10,1","synchronous,14,1","syndicated,7,1","syndromes,7,1,10,1","synergy,7,2","synthesis,2,1","synthesize,2,3,4,3","sys,7,2","system,2,11,4,14,5,5,7,113,8,11,9,2,10,51,11,15,14,61,15,9","systematic,2,5,4,2,7,4,10,2","systemic,7,1","systems,2,30,4,29,5,13,7,52,8,2,9,10,10,42,11,28,14,4,15,2","systems1,10,1","sz,10,3","ta,4,2,5,5,7,20,10,1","table,2,10,4,14,5,1,7,2,8,1,10,2,11,6,14,3,15,1","tables,2,1,10,2","tafira,4,1","tag,8,2","tail,10,1,14,1","tailor,4,1,7,3","tailored,4,2,7,1","tailrace,4,1","take,2,4,4,9,7,11,10,16,11,11,14,12","taken,2,3,4,9,7,22,8,1,10,6,11,5,14,12","takeover,7,1,11,1,14,1","takes,4,2,7,4,10,1,14,2","taking,2,3,4,4,5,1,7,2,10,4,11,5,14,2","talino,10,1","talking,11,1","taluk,11,4","talukas,7,1","taluks,11,4","tamal,7,1","tamang,11,1","tamil,4,1,10,1","tamils,4,1,10,1","tampered,14,2","tampering,14,1","tampers,14,1","tan,10,1","tanesco,10,3","tangential,7,2","tangible,10,1","tangibly,4,1","tank,2,2,10,1","tanzania,2,7,4,3,9,1,10,11","tapped,7,1","tapping,7,1,10,1","taps,14,1","target,2,3,4,6,5,1,7,7,9,1,10,4","targeted,2,7,4,10,5,1,7,25,8,1,10,8,11,2","targeting,4,2,5,1,7,9,8,2,10,2,11,1,15,1","targets,2,6,4,5,7,5,10,4","tarif,5,1","tariff,2,4,4,2,5,1,7,27,8,3,10,19,11,17,14,53,15,2","tariffs,2,4,4,9,5,5,7,26,8,1,10,22,11,5,14,1","tas,11,2","task,2,9,4,93,5,2,7,1,8,10,10,89,11,43,15,20","tasked,10,4","tasks,4,3,10,12,11,1","tata,8,2","tau,10,2","tax,2,1,7,5,10,1","taxes,2,1","tazama,2,7,4,1","tea,4,1,5,1,10,1","teach,11,1","teachers,2,1,11,1","teaching,11,1","team,2,3,4,14,7,53,10,14,11,16","teams,4,1,11,1","teamsustain,11,1","teamwork,4,1","tech,10,1","technical,2,43,4,37,5,15,7,102,8,11,10,101,11,22,14,10,15,8","technically,10,1","technician,7,1,10,2","technicians,7,4,10,2,11,1","techniques,2,1,4,5,7,1,8,3,10,3,11,9","technological,2,2,4,2,7,1,8,2,10,6,15,1","technologically,4,1","technologies,2,13,4,18,5,4,7,10,8,6,9,2,10,8,11,5","technology,2,12,4,13,5,7,7,5,8,14,9,1,10,10,11,3","technonology,10,1","tecnología,8,1","teddie,10,1","tegucigalpa,8,1","telasi,3,3","tele,4,1,10,1","telecom,10,1","telecommunication,2,1,10,2","telecommunications,10,2","teledata,10,1","telegraph,14,16","telegraphic,14,4","telegraphs,14,1","telephone,4,1,14,1","telephonic,14,3","telephony,2,2,4,2","televised,8,1","television,4,8,8,1","televisions,4,3","tell,10,1","tellus,15,2","tem,7,1","tembo,10,1","temperature,2,1,4,1","temperatures,4,1","template,10,2","temporary,14,1","tems,7,1","tend,2,2,7,1,10,1","tended,9,1","tendency,7,1","tender,2,3,4,2,14,1","tendered,2,1,14,2","tendering,9,1,11,1","tenders,7,1","tenets,4,1","tension,7,5,14,2","tensions,10,1","tentatively,2,1","tenuously,10,1","t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Energy Service Delivery in Zambia GVEP Support to Sri Lanka on Action Plan Development GVEP Support to Sri Lanka and Zambia India Electricity Distribution Reform Review and Assessment Report Invitational Travel in Support of Global Climate Change Presentation: Addiss Ababa Energy Travel Private Sector Participation in Clean Energy Development Rurual Energy Services Program - USAID SARI Energy The Electricity Act 2003 USAID Support for Commercialization , Training and Utility Advisor to Albania Top SEARCH coreintl@coreintl.com | © 2005, CORE International, Inc. | design: dvogel.com",12);arrFiles[1]=new Array(2,"Energy Service Delivery in Zambia - Status and Opps.pdf","2005-04-18","Draft_Final Report on GVEP Work in Zambia","","","ENERGY SERVICES DELIVERY IN ZAMBIA  STATUS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR ENHANCEMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF THE GLOBAL VILLAGE ENERGY PARTNERSHIP INITIATIVE (GVEP)  Submitted To: Office of Energy and Information Technology Economic Growth, Agriculture and Trade Bureau U.S. Agency for International Development Washington, D.C. 20523 And Department of Energy Ministry of Energy and Water Development Lusaka, Zambia  Prepared By: CORE International, Inc. Washington, D.C., U.S.A.  July 6, 2004    Energy Services Delivery in Zambia, Status and Opportunities for Enhancement in the Context of GVEP  CONTENTS  Acknowledgement Abbreviations Executive Summary................................................................................................i 1. Background ......................................................................................................................... 1 2. Objectives............................................................................................................................ 1 3. Energy Sector Situation in Zambia: An Overview............................................................ 2 3.1 Energy Resources and Energy Balance..................................................................... 2 3.2 Energy Sector Policy .................................................................................................. 7 3.3 Energy Sector Institutions, Relationships and Regulatory Environment .................... 9 3.4 Energy Markets ........................................................................................................ 11 4. Status of Electrification and Modern Energy Services Delivery (ESD) in Zambia ...... 12 4.1 Demand for Electricity and ESD ............................................................................... 12 4.1.1 National Grid Demand ........................................................................................... 12 4.1.2 Diesel Generation................................................................................................. 12 4.1.3 Photovoltaic (PV) Solar Home Systems ................................................................ 14 4.1.4 Wind Power ........................................................................................................... 15 4.1.5 Geothermal Potential............................................................................................. 15 4.2 Institutional Arrangements........................................................................................ 16 4.3 Regulatory Environment ........................................................................................... 18 4.4 Barriers and Market Environment............................................................................. 19 4.5 Role of Stakeholders ................................................................................................ 19 5. Energy in the Context of Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper in Zambia...................... 21 5.1 Energy and Sustainable Development ..................................................................... 21 5.2 Place of Energy Services in Poverty Reduction Strategy......................................... 21 5.3 Existing Plans for Integrating Energy Services with Development ........................... 23 5.4 Existing Financing Plans and Programs for Increased Access to Modern Energy Services .................................................................................................................. 24 6. Potentials for Sustainable Up-Scaling of the ESD Process in the Context of the GVEP Initiative ......................................................................................... 25 6.1 The GVEP Benefits .................................................................................................. 25 6.2 What can Zambia do to Enhance its Participation in the GVEP ............................... 26 6.3 Establishment of the GVEP Secretariat at National Level........................................ 26 6.4 Institutionalizing in-Country Stakeholder Consultations in the Framework of the GVEP- Toward Establishing a Multi-Sector GVEP Working Group. .............. 27 6.5 Need for Developing a GVEP National Action Plan ................................................. 28 7. Initial Action Plan for GVEP Activities in Zambia.................................................28 8. Conclusions and Recommendation...................................................................29 9. Way Forward..................................................................................................30 Bibliography......................................................................................................31 Appendices.........................................................................................................1 Appendix A: Rural Electrification Authority (REA) - The Concept..............................2 Appendix B: Technical Consultations on Establishing the GVEP Working Group in Zambia on March 24, 2004.......................................................................... 8 Appendix C: Draft Initial Action Plan for GVEP Activities in Zambia.........................16  CORE International, Inc. USAID Energy and Environment Training Partner  i    Energy Services Delivery in Zambia, Status and Opportunities for Enhancement in the Context of GVEP  Acknowledgement This final report entitled  Energy Service Delivery in Zambia: Status and Opportunities for Enhancement in the Context of the Global Village Energy Partnership Initiative (GVEP)  has been prepared jointly by CORE International, Inc. and the Department of Energy (DOE) at the Ministry of Energy and Water Development (MEWD) of Zambia. The U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), Office of Energy & Information Technology within the Bureau of Economic Growth, Agriculture & Trade (EGAT) and the USAID Mission in Lusaka, Zambia, have supported the work for the preparation of this report. The report is prepared in response to the Subtask  Global Village Energy Partnership Support to Sri Lanka and Zambia  under Task Order No. 3 ­ Private Sector Development. Since May 2003, the Ministry of Energy and Water Development (MEWD) has been providing leadership to the Zambian stakeholders with regard to their involvement and participation in the GVEP. The Department of Energy (DOE) within the MEWD is playing a critical role in this process. Mr. Oscar Kalumiana, the Assistant Director of Energy, has taken the lead for all technical work that will facilitate the preparation of a national GVEP actionable plan for Zambia by a GVEP stakeholder Working Group (WG), which is under establishment and is expected to be formalized by the end of 2004. CORE International would like to express its appreciation to the following officials from Zambia who supported the preparation of this report:  Mr. Geoffrey Mukala Mr. Oscar Kalumiana Permanent Secretary Assistant Director Ministry of Energy and Water Development, Zambia Department of Energy, Ministry of Energy and Water Development, Zambia Department of Energy, Ministry of Energy and Water Development, Zambia  Mr. Charles Mulenga  Senior Electricity Officer  CORE International would also like to acknowledge the valuable technical guidance provided by Mr. Gordon Weynand, Team Leader, Dr. Kevin Warr, Governance Advisor, and Dr. Davida Wood, all at USAID/EGAT/EIT; Washington, D.C. We also appreciate the support provided by Mr. Cris Muyunda, Economic Growth Deputy Team Leader at USAID Mission in Zambia. The following experts from the Department of Energy, Ministry of Energy and Water Development and CORE International contributed to this report: Ministry of Energy and Water Development 1. Mr. Oscar Kalumiana, Deputy Director, Department of Energy 2. Mr. Charles Mulenga, Senior Electricity Officer, Department of Energy  CORE International, Inc. USAID Energy and Environment Training Partner  i    Energy Services Delivery in Zambia, Status and Opportunities for Enhancement in the Context of GVEP  CORE International, Inc. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Vinod K. Shrivastava, Task Manager Vaso Leno, Senior Energy Specialist Marika Robertson, Project Analyst Clement Sasa, Energy Consultant Mr. Geoffrey Munyeme, Energy Consultant  Ms. Lois Varrick, Executive Vice President and the EETP IQC Manager at CORE International reviewed the report and provided valuable comments.  CORE International, Inc.  USAID Energy and Environment Training Partner  ii    Energy Services Delivery in Zambia, Status and Opportunities for Enhancement in the Context of GVEP  Abbreviations CEC DOE ERB ESCO ESD GEF GVEP GWh ICTs INDENI KNBC kV KW MCL MESD MEWD MW MFNP NEP NGO NRSE OPPPI PRSP PV REA REF RETs SHS SIDA SME TAZAMA TNDP UNIDO ZNTB Copperbelt Energy Corporation Plc. Department of Energy Energy Regulation Board Energy Service Company Energy Services Delivery Global Environmental Fund Global Village Energy Partnership Giga-Watt Hour Information and Communication Technologies Petroleum refinery in Ndola Kariba North Bank Company Ltd Kilo-Volt Kilo-Watt Maamba Collieries Limited Modern Energy Service Delivery Ministry of Energy & Water Development Mega-Watt Ministry of Finance and National Planning National Energy Policy Non-Governmental Organization New and Renewable Sources of Energy Office for Promoting Private Power Investment Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper Photovoltaic Rural Electrification Authority Rural Electrification Fund Renewable Energy Technologies Solar Home System Swedish International Development Agency Small and Medium Enterprises Tanzania ­ Zambia Mafuta Pipeline Transitional National Development Plan United Nations Industrial Development Organization Zambia National Tender Board  CORE International, Inc.  USAID Energy and Environment Training Partner  iii    Energy Services Delivery in Zambia, Status and Opportunities for Enhancement in the Context of GVEP Task Order No. 3 ­ Private Sector Development, EETP IQC ­ Contract No. LAG-I-98-00010-00  Executive Summary The purpose of preparing this report was to provide the Zambian Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) stakeholders with a working document for them to begin their GVEP activities in a structured manner and with clearly identified short and mid term steps, actions, and milestones. Enhancing energy service delivery for poverty alleviation and sustainable development is one of the Government of the Republic of Zambia \'s (GRZ) highest priorities. In Zambia over 70% of the population is described as poor. Most of these people depend strongly on traditional fuels to meet their daily energy needs and access to affordable electricity and modern sources of energy remains a developmental challenge. Lack of financial resources is a major Letter to H.E. Martin Brennan obstacle to most of the Zambians U.S.A. Ambassador in Zambia for accessing alternative energy sources.  ... Based on outstanding support from USAID [through GRZ and other local stakeholders recognize the need for a better integration of energy services in the country \'s rural development plans and programs. This is expected to enhance focus on income generation and employment activities, as well as on priority social interventions (in the areas of heath, education, and clean water supply). The GVEP initiative falls well in line with the GRZ \'s Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) and the National Development Plan whose priorities include improved access of modern energy services to Zambian citizens.  CORE International, Inc.], we have made considerable progress on all fronts in advancing our energy sector agenda. In November 2003, Cabinet approved my Ministry \'s proposal for the establishment of a Rural Electrification Authority (REA); we have a functioning multi-sector Rural Electrification Working Group (REWG) that has been advising us on next steps for enhancing rural energy access in the country; we have had two workshops on the GVEP initiative facilitated by CORE International and are in the process of formalizing the establishment of a GVEP Working Group; and we have begun the process of revising our National Energy Policy to incorporate new developments since 1994 when the policy was enacted. We give USAID the credit for assisting us achieve milestones that have developed a strong momentum, which we now want to maintain.  H.E. George W. Mpombo, M.P, Minister Ministry of Energy and Water Development, Zambia April 28, 2004  With this background and in order to take full advantage of the GVEP initiative, Zambia, through the Ministry of Energy and Water Development (MEWD), joined GVEP in February 2002, and in June 2003 the Zambia National GVEP Technical Secretariat was established at the Department of Energy (DOE). Since May 2003, the MEWD has been providing leadership to the Zambian stakeholders with regard to their involvement and participation in the GVEP. The Zambia National GVEP Secretariat has requested financial support from the GVEP Technical Secretariat in Washington D.C. for the facilitation of a national consultative process in order to develop a National GVEP Action Plan. This action plan is expected to form the basis for Zambia to seek development funding for targeted GVEP interventions that would lead to enhanced use of modern energy services for poverty reduction.  CORE International, Inc.  i  USAID Energy and Environment Training Partner    Energy Services Delivery in Zambia, Status and Opportunities for Enhancement in the Context of GVEP  In this context, the key objectives for Zambia on the GVEP involvement are as follows: to formalize and institutionalize in-country  \'movement \' on GVEP by facilitating the establishment of adequate structures for outreaching stakeholders throughout the country to organize/facilitate stakeholder meetings and initiate in-country consultations amongst stakeholders on the GVEP to integrate GVEP in the country policy framework, especially the Poverty Reduction Strategy Program (PRSP) and the National Development Plan to develop a GVEP National Action Plan that could be presented to donors and other stakeholders for follow up support There is a widespread consensus among stakeholders in Zambia on the need to fulfill these objectives in order to embark on the implementation of a large energy service delivery program that would be widely and substantially co-funded by the GRZ, donor community, private sector, and consumers. The National Energy Policy (NEP) of 1994 is the main energy policy document in Zambia guiding the changes and developments in the energy sector. Its main objective is  to promote optimum supply and utilization of energy, especially indigenous forms of energy, to facilitate socio-economic development of the country and maintenance of a safe and healthy environment . There exists a consensus among stakeholders on the need for reviewing and updating the NEP; and this review is expected to be completed by the end of 2004. The reviewed and updated NEP is expected to provide clearer guidance on the approaches to be pursued and institutional models to be tested and implemented for enhancing energy services delivery (ESD) in Zambia. The GVEP Working Group, which is expected to be formalized in the near future, will substantially contribute in the NEP review by bringing the consumers \' voice in this process. The MEWD is the principal institution with the national mandate for carrying out Zambia \'s energy planning and policy development. ZESCO, the national power utility responsible for generation, transmission, and distribution of power, has been the government \'s implementing agency for electrification projects. The Energy Regulation Board (ERB) is responsible for regulating the energy sector by monitoring the efficiency and performance of energy sector undertakings. Although Zambia is well endowed with indigenous energy resources, the availability of modern energy services to the country \'s population of about 10 million inhabitants remains an important priority. While wood, petroleum, and large hydropower will continue to be the major energy sources in Zambia, at least in the mid term, efforts are being made to develop and expand other energy sources such as solar and mini-hydro.  CORE International, Inc.  USAID Energy and Environment Training Partner  ii    Energy Services Delivery in Zambia, Status and Opportunities for Enhancement in the Context of GVEP  Zambia has a large potential for a variety of renewable energy resources. The estimated mini-hydro potential is about 45 MW and the country has, on average, 26003000 hours of sunshine per year. The development of solar energy and mini-hydro potential can play a major role in increasing the supply of electricity to rural areas. Despite creative approaches on the policy front, the challenge of taking power to rural areas still remains formidable given the relatively high capital costs and low financial returns in rural areas. The actual cost of extending the power grid to remote areas in Zambia (same as in many other developing countries) is very high and the load demand for most rural areas is very low. The cost of the grid extension projects cannot be justified even from the social perspective. Given these constraints, success in electrifying large parts of the population through conventional grid-based services would not be attained for a long time. Therefore, the use of renewable energy technologies (RETs) in stand-alone or mini-grid systems represents a promising option for reaching out large sections of rural communities in Zambia. Energy Services Companies (ESCOs) are being tested in Zambia. The Ministry of Energy and Water Development has also incorporated the installation of photovoltaic (PV) solar systems in its rural electrification program. Certain parts of the country have already started benefiting from the installation of PV systems for water pumping, medical refrigeration, and lighting under the rural electrification program. Barriers to achieving an enhanced electrification program and improved Modern Energy Service Delivery (MESD) systems include financial, institutional, and commercial. In addition, education, transaction costs, tariffs, training, and awareness on renewable energy technologies pose significant hurdles that must be overcome. In relative terms, RETs and small-scale energy systems have high investment capital costs, which need guarantees of long-term stable income streams to ensure financial viability. Fiscal incentives and some form of smart subsidy would enable the development of renewable energy projects and make them financially attractive to private participation. Zambia \'s Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) covering the 2002-2004 period highlights a multi-pronged approach to reducing poverty. The country recognizes that economic growth is a key element in poverty reduction and, as a result, growth stimulating interventions are being vigorously pursued by government. In the energy sector, the PRSP recognizes the availability and provision of modern energy services as a catalyst for economic growth, poverty reduction and environmental protection. Increased accessibility of the majority of the population to efficient modern energy services will lead to the improvement of the standard of living of the Zambian people. Apart from being a critical input in many sectors, energy is an industry with the capacity of earning foreign exchange and providing employment to many people. Against this background, the GRZ, with assistance from USAID, enacted a bill for the establishment of a Rural Electrification Authority (REA) in December 2003. The functions of REA include the following:  CORE International, Inc.  USAID Energy and Environment Training Partner  iii    Energy Services Delivery in Zambia, Status and Opportunities for Enhancement in the Context of GVEP  administer and manage the Rural Electrification Fund develop, implement, and update rural electrification master plans for systematic electrification of rural areas promote the utilization of available rural electrification technological options mobilize funds from within and outside Zambia in support of rural electrification offer, on a competitive basis, the construction of electrification projects and periodically publish information on the programs being carried out design and offer, on competitive basis, to the developers or operators, smart subsidies for capital costs on projects that are designed to supply energy for the development of rural areas in conjunction with various stakeholders, develop mechanisms for the operation of the grid extension network for rural electrification and other energy supply systems finance project preparation studies for rural electrification projects in accordance with the guidelines developed and approved by the Authority recommend policies for the enhancement of access to electricity by rural population. The formation of the Rural Electrification Authority (REA) is a major step forward. Also, the establishment of a multi-sectoral consultation process that builds upon programs such as GVEP is another major step by the Government. Other initiatives include the UNIDO/GEF project on Renewable Energy-Based Electricity Generation for isolated mini-grids, which includes the promotion of mini-hydro, solar energy services, and biomass. As mentioned earlier, the MEWD established the Zambia GVEP National Secretariat within its Department of Energy. Since then, the Secretariat has worked to recruit national stakeholders  I wish to inform you that we had a wonderful interested in collaborating on energytime with the CORE team consultants during poverty issues in Zambia through the their mission to Zambia. We found their input most rewarding and the Rural Electrification GVEP process. Having made Working Group Members are very happy.  considerable progress, the Zambia National GVEP Secretariat has requested Mr. Oscar S. Kalumiana financial support from the GVEP Technical Assistant Director Secretariat to intensify the national Department of Energy Zambia consultative process aimed at developing an implementable action plan that can lead to enhanced modern energy services contributing to poverty reduction in Zambia.  USAID/CORE Assistance to Zambia on Rural Electrification ­ Lusaka, Zambia May 2003 Private Sector Development Task Order  As a way forward, a Technical Consultation on the Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP), sponsored by USAID, was held in Lusaka on March 24, 2004. During this consultation, stakeholders reviewed the current status of rural energy (RE) delivery in Zambia, and highlighted the GVEP objectives, priorities and support guidelines. A  CORE International, Inc.  USAID Energy and Environment Training Partner  iv    Energy Services Delivery in Zambia, Status and Opportunities for Enhancement in the Context of GVEP  number of observations and recommendations for the next steps or way forward in the enhancement of energy service delivery in the context of the GVEP initiative were made during the consultation. Among the recommendations was the formation of a GVEP Working Group (GVEP-WG) consisting of 16 members representing the main stakeholder groups. The GVEP Working Group will draw representatives from the sectors to be targeted in the GVEP National Action Plan. Technical Consultation envisioned the responsibilities of the GVEP-WG as follows: provision of input to the National Energy Policy (NEP) development of the Action Plans as the implementation vehicle for energy related activities set forth in Zambia \'s PRSP and Transitional National Development Plan (TNDP) strengthening the capacity of the GVEP Technical Secretariat (GVEP TS) sensitization of the stakeholders on the objectives and functions of the GVEP through information dissemination and public awareness organization of National Workshops to communicate the RE/RES programs. During the Technical Consultation on March 24, 2004, it was agreed that the development of a National GVEP Action Plan would be one of the priority actions and major milestones to be achieved by the GVEP WG. A draft Initial Action Plan for GVEP Activities in Zambia was developed in May 2004 with contributions and support from the DOE. This draft highlights all major GVEP-related immediate and mid-term milestones and actions in Zambia. It focuses on the preparatory work that needs to be performed in order to develop a detailed National GVEP Action Plan. Detailed activities completed thus far, conclusions, recommendations, and the way forward are included in the main body of the report  CORE International, Inc.  USAID Energy and Environment Training Partner  v    Energy Services Delivery in Zambia, Status and Opportunities for Enhancement in the Context of GVEP  1. Background Among the important outcomes of the World Summit on Sustainable Development held in Johannesburg in 2002 is the launching of a new global initiative known as Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP). It is an umbrella framework bringing together `partners \' i.e. developing and industrialized country Governments; public and private organizations; multilateral institutions; consumers; non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and others with the aim of reducing poverty and promoting sustainable development through increased access to modern and affordable energy services in the developing world. GVEP recognizes the important link between energy and poverty reduction. It intends to assist developing countries in various ways including arranging for grants and financing to enhance sustainable development by accelerating the provision of modern energy services to the neediest populations. In Zambia over 70% of the population is described as poor. Most of these people depend strongly on traditional fuels to meet their daily energy needs and access to affordable electricity and modern sources of energy remains a developmental challenge. Traditional energy sources usually have lower efficiencies compared to conventional sources. This fact puts poor households in a disadvantaged situation, particularly in peri-urban areas as they spend more on each unit of energy obtained. A lack of financial resources is a major obstacle to accessing alternative energy sources. GVEP seeks to increase access to reliable, affordable and environmentally sustainable energy services as a means of enhancing economic and social development. The GVEP initiative therefore, can lead to substantial improvement in the quality of life and social services, and expansion in the availability of economic opportunities for the people in rural and peri-urban areas of Zambia. The GVEP initiative falls well in line with the Zambian government \'s Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) whose priorities include improved access of Zambians to modern energy services. With this background and in order to take full advantage of the GVEP initiative, Zambia through the Ministry of Energy and Water Development (MEWD) joined GVEP in February 2002, and in June 2003 the Zambia National GVEP Secretariat was established at the Department of Energy (DOE). The Secretariat has since been working to recruit national and local stakeholders interested in collaborating in energy/poverty Issues in Zambia through the GVEP framework. Having made this progress, the Zambia National GVEP Secretariat has requested financial support from the GVEP Technical Secretariat in Washington D.C. for a national consultative process in order to develop a GVEP Action Plan which would form the basis for Zambia to seek development funding for targeted GVEP interventions that should lead to enhanced use of modern energy services for poverty reduction. 2. Objectives Enhancing the energy service delivery for poverty alleviation and sustainable development is one of Government of the Republic of Zambia \'s (GRZ) highest priorities. In its desire to achieving this goal, GRZ is committed to participate in the GVEP  1  CORE International, Inc.  USAID Energy and Environment Training Partner    Energy Services Delivery in Zambia, Status and Opportunities for Enhancement in the Context of GVEP  initiative. In this context, the key objectives of enhancing the energy services delivery process in Zambia are as follows: Formalize and institutionalize the in-country  \'movement \' on GVEP by facilitating the establishment of adequate structures and organizing their work at the national level and coordination with local partners throughout the country Organize/facilitate stakeholder meetings and initiate in-country consultations amongst RE stakeholders on GVEP Integrate GVEP in the country policy framework, especially the Poverty Reduction Strategy Program (PRSP) and the plan for rural electrification Develop an actionable GVEP Plan that could be presented to the donors and other stakeholders for follow up support There is a widespread consensus among stakeholders in Zambia on the need to fulfill these objectives in order to embark on the implementation of a large energy service delivery program that would be widely and substantially co-funded by the GRZ, donor community, private sector, and consumers. 3. Energy Sector Situation in Zambia: An Overview 3.1 Energy Resources and Energy Balance Though Zambia is well endowed with indigenous energy resources, the availability of modern energy services to the country \'s population of 9.7 million inhabitants remains an important priority. Among the present sources of energy, woodfuel in the form of charcoal and firewood contributes 79%, electricity 10%, petroleum products 9% and coal 2% of the total energy consumed. The energy use by product is depicted in the Exhibit 1. Exhibit 1: Energy use by product (Energy Bulletin 2000)  Petroleum 9% Electricity 10%  Coal 2%  Woodfuel 79%  CORE International, Inc.  2  USAID Energy and Environment Training Partner    Energy Services Delivery in Zambia, Status and Opportunities for Enhancement in the Context of GVEP  The contribution of renewable sources of energy such as solar and wind to the overall national energy balance is currently negligible and, therefore, not included in the national energy statistics. The following summarizes the status and use of energy resources in Zambia. Wood Fuel Looking at the structure of energy consumption in Zambia, we find that it is dominated by traditional wood fuels (firewood and charcoal). The main sources of woodfuel are natural wood lands and agricultural lands. The present consumption of wood fuel exceeds the potential sustainable supply. Cutting live trees for fuel is common and is associated with the growth of urban woodfuel markets. With the current urbanization rate of approximately 1% of the total population, the rate of woodfuel consumption will obviously continue to go up. This can be perceived as a serious threat to the land cover which is currently estimated at 66% of the total land area. Petroleum Zambia imports all its petroleum requirements which contribute 9% of the national energy demand. The import of petroleum dominates all other expenditures and forms a major part of Zambia \'s import bill. Established infrastructure for petroleum import and processing include the 1,704 km TAZAMA pipeline from the Dares-Salaam port in Tanzania to INDENI refinery in Ndola. The transport sector is the biggest consumer of the petroleum products followed by the mining industry as shown in the Exhibit 2. Exhibit 2: Petroleum consumption by sector (Energy Bulletin 2000)  Government 4% Households 6% Commerce and industry 10% Transport 53%  Mining 27%  Coal Proven coal deposits are estimated at over 30 million tons while potential coal resources are estimated to be several thousand tons. All the coal in Zambia is currently mined at Maamba by the only coal company ­ Maamba Collieries Limited (MCL). The  3  CORE International, Inc.  USAID Energy and Environment Training Partner    Energy Services Delivery in Zambia, Status and Opportunities for Enhancement in the Context of GVEP  consumption of coal in Zambia is confined to the mining industry (54%), commerce and industry (37%), and the government and service sectors (9%). The contribution of coal to the total energy balance has been declining over the years due to operational constraints at Maamba Collieries. Electricity Electricity is the second most important indigenous energy source after wood fuel contributing 10 % to the national energy supply. The electricity sector is dominated by hydropower with an estimated potential of 4,000 MW. The total installed capacity is 1760 MW, of which 1670 MW is Hydropower and 90 MW thermal power as shown in Table 1. Table 1: Installed Electricity Generation Capacity (ZESCO Statistics) No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Description Kafue Gorge Kariba North Bank Victoria Falls Lunsemfwa & Mulungushi Small Hydros Isolated Generation Gas Turbine (stand by) Total installed capacity Capacity (MW) 900 600 108 38 24 10 80 1760 Type Hydro Hydro Hydro Hydro Hydro Diesel Gas  The hydropower stations supply the grid while the diesel power generating plants supply isolated loads mainly in remote areas not connected to the grid. The Gas Turbines totaling 80 MW are located in the Copperbelt providing standby supply to the mines. Zambian national power system, grid layout, and interconnections with other countries are shown in Exhibit 3.  CORE International, Inc.  4  USAID Energy and Environment Training Partner    Energy Services Delivery in Zambia, Status and Opportunities for Enhancement in the Context of GVEP  Exhibit 3: Zambian Power System, National Grid, and Interconnections  To Sumbuwanga  ZAMBIAN POWER SYSTEM  MPULUNGU  8o  TANZANIA  MBALA  OPPPI  LUNZUA  CONGO CONGO (K)  KASHIKISHI  KALUNG WISHI  MBEYA  NAKONDE  M P O RO K O S O  KALUNGWISHI RIVER  CHISHIMBA FALLS KASAMA  BE SH IR IV ER  MAMBILIMA MUSONDA FALLS  LUWINGU  ISOKA  WEST LUNGA RIVER AT MWINILUNGA (3.5MW)  MICHELO  LU AP U LA  SAMFYA  MOMBUTUTA RI VE R  ANGOLA  CHAVUMA FALLS (20MW)  30MW  SOLWEZI  CH A  MANSA  CHINS ALI  LUANO KITWE  KANSUSWA  MPIK A  LUSIWASI  LUNDAZI  KA BOMPO RIVER AT KA BOMPO-MANYINGA BRIDGE (0.10MW) CHIKATA FALLS (10MW) LUFUBU RIVER AT KASEMPA BRIDGE (0.23MW)  SERENJE MAPOSA MKUSHI MPONGWE KAPIR I  LUNSEMFWA  PENSULO  MFUE  ZAMBEZI  M S O RO AZELE  CHIP ATA  KA FU E  KALABO  LUKULU KAOMA MONGU  RI VE R  KABWE MUMBWA LUSAKA WEST LEOPARDS HILL KAFUE TOWN  KAFUE GORGE KAFUE LOWER MULUN GUSHI  PETAUKE 33.5o East  MOZAMBIQUE  LUANGWA  KAFUE WEST  IT EZHI - T EZHI  CHIRUNDU  KEY KEY  KARIBA SOUTH  km 330 kV 220 kV 132 kV 88 kV 66 kV 1941 km 348 77 717 2791  PROPOSED LINES  SENANGA  MAZABUKA  (120MW)  KARIB A NORTH LAKE KARIBA  330 kV 220 kV 132 kV 88 kV 66 kV  MUZUMA  22o East  SESHEKE  VICTORIA FALLS 18o  POWER STATIONS PROPOSED POWER STATIONS  SUBSTA TIONS  NAMIBIA  KATIMA MULILO  BOTSWANA  ZIMBABWE  PROPOSED SUBSTATIONS DIESEL STATIONS DIESEL STATIONS  The major electricity users are the mines, which constitute up to 68% of total load, industry and commerce (4%), households (19%), and agriculture and forestry 2%. The remaining 7% are taken up by government services. Exhibit 4 graphically depicts the share of each user group. Exhibit 4: Electricity Consumption by User Group (Energy Bulletin 2000)  Gove r nm e nt & Service 7% Hou s e h olds 19% Agr ic 2% M inin g 68%  Industry 4%  CORE International, Inc.  5  USAID Energy and Environment Training Partner  MALAWI  M  BE I ZAMBEZ RIVER    Energy Services Delivery in Zambia, Status and Opportunities for Enhancement in the Context of GVEP  New and Renewable Sources of Energy While wood, petroleum and hydropower will continue to be the major energy sources in Zambia, at least in the mid term, efforts are being made to develop and expand other energy sources such as solar, mini-hydro and wind. Zambia has a large potential for a variety of renewable energy resources. Table 2 summarizes the availability and potentials for the utilization of renewable energy sources and technologies. Table 2: Availability and Potentials for Utilization of Renewable of Energy Resources and Technologies in Zambia1  Renewable Energy Source/Technology PV Opportunities/Use Thermal, Electricity (water pumping, lighting, refrigeration) Electricity, Mechanical (water pumping) Electricity Resource Availability 6-8 sunshine hours Potential Energy Output 5.5 kWh/m2/day (modest potential especially for limited irrigation) Good potential, especially for irrigation) Excess power (approx. 200 MW) Requires elaboration and quantification  Wind Grid extension Micro-hydro Biomass (combustion and Gasification) Biomass (biomethanation)  Average 3m/s Existing infrastructure Reasonably extensive Agro wastes Forest wastes Sawmill wastes Animal waste Municipal and Industrial waste Waste water Sugarcane Sweet sorghum Jatropha  Electricity generation Electricity generation Heating (cooking) Ethanol for blending with gasoline to replace lead as octane enhancer Biodiesel for stationary engines Improved charcoal production Improved biomass stove  Potential requires elaborates  Biomass (extraction, processing for transport)  15,000 Ha to meet current demand 40,000 ­ 50,000 Ha  Biomass (for household energy)  Sawmill wastes and indigenous trees from sustainable forest management  Reasonably extensive  1   Opportunities, Barriers and Policy Dialogue Process to Promote the Use of Renewable Energy Technologies (RETs) and Energy Efficiency for Sustainable Development With Particular Reference to Poverty Reduction , Prof. F. D. Yamba, Director, Centre for Energy, Environment and Engineering Zambia Ltd (CEEEZ), March 23, 2004  CORE International, Inc.  6  USAID Energy and Environment Training Partner    Energy Services Delivery in Zambia, Status and Opportunities for Enhancement in the Context of GVEP  The estimated mini-hydro potential is about 45 MW and the country has, on average, 2600-3000 hours of sunshine per year. Wind energy regime in Zambia is relatively low. Wind data collected at 10 meters above the ground indicates speeds of between 0.1 to 3.5 meters per second with an annual average of 2.5 m/s. These wind speeds are not particularly suitable for electricity generation, but are well suited for water pumping for household use and irrigation purposes. The development of solar energy and mini-hydro potential can play a major role in increasing the supply of electricity to rural areas. Recently, the Ministry of Energy and Water Development (MEWD) and the Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA) have implemented a pilot solar photovoltaic (PV) project in the Eastern Province of Zambia. The project provides PV electricity services to rural areas through the newly formed rural-based Energy Service Companies (ESCOs). Currently, a project under UNIDO/GEF on Renewable Energy Based Electricity Generation for Isolated Mini-grids in Zambia involving solar energy, biomass and mini-hydro units is being implemented. The success of the existing initiatives for promoting the use of renewable sources of energy will eventually lead to a significant contribution of these sources to the overall national energy balance. 3.2 Energy Sector Policy The National Energy Policy (NEP) of 1994 is the main energy policy document guiding the changes and developments in the energy sector. The policy document contains measures for each energy subsector, outlines strategies for implementation, and identifies the legal framework needed to implement the policy. It establishes an appropriate regulatory framework to protect consumer interest, investors, and the environment. Its main objective is  to promote optimum supply and utilization of energy, especially indigenous forms, to facilitate the socio-economic development of the country and the maintenance of a safe and healthy environment . The existing policies in the various energy sub-sectors are summarized as follows: Woodfuel In the woodfuel subsector, the energy policy highlights five measures for managing and attaining sustainable woodfuel supply namely: Management and sustainability of the forest resources for woodfuel harvesting Improvement of technology for charcoal production and utilization Minimization of seasonal fluctuations in the supply of charcoal to urban areas Improvement of revenue collection from industry, and Supporting of efforts aimed at finding alternatives to woodfuel.  CORE International, Inc.  7  USAID Energy and Environment Training Partner    Energy Services Delivery in Zambia, Status and Opportunities for Enhancement in the Context of GVEP  Electricity In the electricity subsector the following policy measures apply to the delivery and wide spread use of electricity. Restructuring of the electricity industry in order to improve service delivery, e.g., commercialization of ZESCO Policy framework for the improvement of accessibility to electricity by a larger part of the Zambian population, e.g., enacting of the Rural Electrification Authority (REA) Bill passed in December 2003 Promotion of electrification of productive areas and social institutions such as schools and health centers, e.g., Mkushi Farm Block Development of hydro-potential to take advantage of the strategic location of the country in the sub-region, e.g., Establishment of the Office For Promoting Private Power Investment (OPPPI), and Review of the existing legislation on electricity in order to bring it into conformity with the new macro-economic environment, e.g., the new amendments to the Electricity Act -- Energy Regulation Act. Coal Coal reserves in Zambia significantly contribute to the national energy balance. Key measures highlighted by the coal sector policy are: (i) problems in large-scale developments of coal reserves and (ii) coal utilization and the associated environmental hazards. The following are the policy measures for the coal sector: Promotion of coal exploration Promotion of the use of coal for industrial and commercial applications Continuation of research on the use of coal briquettes in household sector the development of stoves that can safely burn washed coal Consideration of the use of coal for power generation, and Ensuring that both coal mining and its utilization have minimal environmental impacts. Petroleum Zambia has no known petroleum reserves. All Petroleum products are imported from the Middle East and are transported from Dar-es-Salaam to the INDENI refinery in Ndola through the TAZAMA pipeline. The policy on petroleum sector has three major elements aimed at: and  CORE International, Inc.  8  USAID Energy and Environment Training Partner    Energy Services Delivery in Zambia, Status and Opportunities for Enhancement in the Context of GVEP  Ensuring security of continuous supply of petroleum products Streamlining the operations of the oil industry in order to increase efficiency through restructuring of the procurement procedure, the transportation of crude oil from the port in Dar-es-Salaam through the TAZAMA pipeline, the refining of the crude oil at INDENI, and the distribution of the refined products Promotion of petroleum exploration New and Renewable Sources of Energy (NRSE) The policy in this sector recognizes the potential role renewable energy resources can play in the energy balance of the country and the constraints to its wider use. The policy document provides for the following: Promotion of the NRSE technology Promotion of the wider application of NRSE technology Promotion of information dissemination on the use of NRSE, and Promotion of education, research and training in NRSE at various levels. 3.3 Energy Sector Institutions, Relationships, and Regulatory Environment Several state and private organizations in the country deal with energy related issues. The overall responsibility for energy administration and policy formulation lies with the Department of Energy (DOE) in the Ministry of Energy and Water Development. The Energy Regulation Board (ERB), formed through an Act of Parliament of 1995, regulates the energy sector and issues licenses to undertakings. Other functions of the ERB include the following: Monitoring and regulating the efficiencies of the energy undertakings Monitoring levels and structures of competition within the sector Investigating and resolving of consumer complaints, and Establishing design standards for safety and reliability of energy undertakings. In the electricity sector, the main utilities include ZESCO Ltd, Kariba North Bank Company (KNBC), Mulungushi and Lunsemfwa Hydropower Company Plc and the Copperbelt Energy Corporation Plc (CEC)  CORE International, Inc.  9  USAID Energy and Environment Training Partner    Energy Services Delivery in Zambia, Status and Opportunities for Enhancement in the Context of GVEP  ZESCO is a public utility responsible for generation, transmission and distribution of electricity. It owns most of the generation, transmission and distribution infrastructure in Zambia including the small hydro and most of the isolated diesel plants. The Kariba North Bank Company is also a public utility which owns the Kariba North Bank Power station with an installed capacity of 600 MW. The company performs the generation function only and its power is dispatched to the national grid. The Mulungushi and Lunsemfwa Hydropower Company plc is a privately owned independent power producer and runs the Mulungushi and Lunsemfwa hydropower stations with a combined capacity 38 MW. All of the electricity generation from this facility is sold to ZESCO on a contract basis. The Copperbelt Energy Corporation Plc (CEC), a private utility, owns and controls the 220kV and 66kV transmission and distribution infrastructure in the Copperbelt province of Zambia. The CEC system directly and indirectly interconnects with ZESCO \'s transmission system. CEC supplies most of the mining and large industrial consumers in the Copperbelt area while residential consumers are supplied by ZESCO via the CEC network. The petroleum sector activities (purchase, transmission, refining of crude oil, and distribution of refined oil products) include a wide range of participants. The Zambia National Tender Board (ZNTB) manages the procurement process for the supply of crude oil. Any company is free to bid for importing petroleum. However, this structure is currently not operational and an ad-hoc arrangement for procurement of crude oil is currently being used. The transmission of oil is accomplished through the TAZAMA pipeline which is jointly owned by the governments of Zambia and Tanzania. With the recent liberalization of the economy, the Zambian government plans to put TAZAMA pipeline on lease. The crude oil is refined at INDENI refinery whose 50% shares are owned by Total Fina ELF, 45% by the government of Zambia and 5% on the Stock Exchange. Refined petroleum products are sold and distributed throughout the country by many product distributors including BP, Caltex, Mobil, Total, Vuma, Engen, Kobil, etc. The Ministry of Mines which has the main regulatory functions within the coal sector directs coal production and exploration. On the other hand, the Ministry of Tourism, Environment and Natural Resources, through the Department of Forestry, is responsible for the production and use of woodfuel. Individual companies engage in the supply and processing of woodfuel. Other organizations and agencies, such as non-Governmental organizations (NGOs), international donor agencies, private companies, and research institutions, have been involved in a successful partnership with the government in the promotion and development of New and Renewable Sources of Energy. In a number of projects, these agencies have supported off-grid electrification programs such as the ESCOs project in the Eastern Province of Zambia. Various programs of this nature have demonstrated  CORE International, Inc.  10  USAID Energy and Environment Training Partner    Energy Services Delivery in Zambia, Status and Opportunities for Enhancement in the Context of GVEP  successful Public-Private Partnership towards energy administration and development of local energy sources. 3.4 Energy Markets The electricity, petroleum, and coal sectors have significant impact on the performance of the Zambian economy and are, therefore, termed as commercial sources of energy. Unlike the traditional sources of energy (woodfuel based) and the NRSE, commercial sources of energy are able to attract investment for utility expansion. Currently, there is no known major investment in commercial energy by individual Zambians. However, the Zambian government dominates the investment in the electricity sector through its utility company, ZESCO Ltd. The government has also significant investments in the petroleum refinery and crude oil transportation infrastructures. The procurement and supply of petroleum products is dominated by foreign companies. In the context of the changing developmental policies, interventions relevant to the energy sector were included in the National Energy Policy of 1994. Notwithstanding the changing economic environment and the political situation in the country, most of the policy directions contained in the 1994 National Energy Policy continue to remain relevant and valid. Though administrative and organizational changes have taken place in most of the commercial energy sector, private sector investment, particularly in the electricity sector, has been slow. Recognizing this drawback the government and its international cooperating partners have embarked on a restructuring and commercialization process of ZESCO. The commercialization of ZESCO will enable it to operate as a viable business entity which can participate effectively in the electricity market. Currently, ZESCO determines the electricity tariff adjustments and submits a proposal to the Energy Regulation Board (ERB) for approval. The electricity consumption by sector is shown in Figure 3 where the mining sector is dominant. Woodfuel has the largest market and contributes 79% to the national energy balance. The major market for firewood and charcoal is the household sector. This reliance on these traditional fuels arises from the high poverty levels. The poverty levels, in turn, make it difficult for households to make the transition from traditional to modern energy services. Electricity contributes 10% to the total national energy balance. The average access to electricity nation wide is 20% and the access by rural population is as low as 2%. Although the market for electricity is vast, the cost of extending the electricity infrastructure to the rural population is still high. As a result, the government is currently promoting the use of solar photovoltaic systems and isolated small hydro systems as alternate means for supplying electricity to rural and remote areas. Petroleum contributes 9% to the national energy balance. The retail price of petroleum is dependent on, among other factors, the exchange rate. This is because, petroleum is imported and its price is determined by many factors on the international market. The pricing within the country is dependent on the transportation costs from INDENI refinery.  11  CORE International, Inc.  USAID Energy and Environment Training Partner    Energy Services Delivery in Zambia, Status and Opportunities for Enhancement in the Context of GVEP  This structure implies that the cost per liter of petroleum products is higher in remote areas. Coal contributes 2% to the national energy balance. The coal market is dominated by the mining industry. The price formulation for coal depends on supply and demand. The market potential is limited to industry and further research is needed to establish its use in households. 4. Status of Electrification and Modern Energy Services Delivery (ESD) in Zambia 4.1 Demand for Electricity and ESD 4.1.1 National Grid Demand The national grid is supplied by the hydropower stations. The historic annual peak power demand within Zambia since 1990 is shown in Exhibit 5. The annual energy consumption in Zambia is shown in Exhibit 6. The peak demand increased from 926 MW in 1990 to 1,255 MW in 2002. This gives an average annual growth rate of 3%. The energy demand was 6,806 GWh in 1990 and 8,420 GWh in 2001. The mining industry is the major consumer of electricity in Zambia, accounting for some 68% of total energy consumption. As a result, energy demand is sensitive to the fluctuations on the level of copper production and other minerals by the mines. In 1991 the privatization of the mines resulted in a reduction in the annual energy consumption as depicted in Exhibit 6. Grid extension has been the main approach for implementing electrification in both rural and urban areas. As mentioned earlier, the average access to electricity in urban areas is about 20% while in rural areas is under 2%. 4.1.2 Diesel Generation Currently, diesel generation is still being used in areas where the national grid has not been extended. Most of these isolated diesel generators are owned and operated by ZESCO. This is a very expensive form of generation in Zambia because of the prohibitive operation and maintenance costs of the diesel plants. A large number of these units were installed in the mid 80s and, as such, the spares backup is now nonexistent. This pattern is posing a major maintenance problem to run these units.  CORE International, Inc.  12  USAID Energy and Environment Training Partner    Energy Services Delivery in Zambia, Status and Opportunities for Enhancement in the Context of GVEP  Exhibit 5: Annual Peak Demand (ZESCO statistics)  Peak Demand (MW) 2000 1900 1800 1700 1600 1500 1400 1300 1200 1100 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0  90 9 1 92 93 9 4 9 5 96 97 9 8 99 00 0 1 0 2 19 1 9 19 19 1 9 1 9 19 19 1 9 19 20 2 0 2 0  Peak Demand (MW)  Year  Dependable Capacity  Pow er Demand  Exhibit 6: Annual Energy Consumption (ZESCO statistics)  Energy Demand in Zambia (GWh)  10000 9000 8000 7000  E n e rg y (GW h )  6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002  Year  CORE International, Inc.  13  USAID Energy and Environment Training Partner    Energy Services Delivery in Zambia, Status and Opportunities for Enhancement in the Context of GVEP  The total installed diesel generation capacity in Zambia is about 10 MW located in the following districts:  · · ·  North-Western Province: Mwinilunga, Kasempa, Kabompo, Mufumbwe Western Province: Lukulu, Kaoma Eastern Province: Chama, Lundazi  Efforts are being undertaken by government to replace the diesel generators by either extending the national grid or developing the isolated small hydropower stations where possible. With the above background, diesel generation is not a viable electrification option in Zambia. 4.1.3 Photovoltaic (PV) Solar Home Systems The cost of extending the grid to remote areas is very high and yet the load demand for most rural areas is very low. The cost of the grid extension projects cannot be justified even from the social perspective. Given these constraints, success in electrifying large parts of the population through conventional grid services would not be attained for a long time. Although electricity from stand-alone systems could be an option, the poor distribution and lack of maintenance makes electricity from stand-alone systems such as diesel generators both expensive and unreliable. One alternative, through which large sections of the rural communities can be reached by approaches other than grid extension, is by Photovoltaic Solar Home Systems (PV-SHS). A more equitable alternative that has proven successful in the Pacific region is providing solar-based electricity services through Energy Services Companies (ESCOs). This experience is being tested in Zambia. The Ministry of Energy and Water Development has also incorporated the installation of photovoltaic (PV) solar systems in the rural electrification program. Certain parts of the country have already started benefiting from the installation of PV systems for water pumping, medical refrigeration, and lighting under the rural electrification program. In 1998, the Ministry of Energy and Water Development and the Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA) initiated a pilot project of PV-Solar Home Systems in the Eastern Province of Zambia in Nyimba, Chipata, and Lundazi districts. In this project, a number of Energy Service Companies (ESCOs) are currently being utilized to supply, install, and maintain the PV-SHS. The purpose of the project is to test and demonstrate how the provision of renewable electricity services in rural areas can be organized in a financially and socially sustainable manner. Part of this scheme includes the provision of credit to the ESCOs which own the PV systems. The PV systems are placed in households or businesses that have demonstrated both their willingness and capability of paying the monthly fee for the service provided. So far, about 400 solar PV installations have been installed under this project. The government plans to extend the ESCO concept to other parts of the country.  CORE International, Inc.  14  USAID Energy and Environment Training Partner    Energy Services Delivery in Zambia, Status and Opportunities for Enhancement in the Context of GVEP  4.1.4 Wind Power Wind energy regime in Zambia is relatively low, averaging 2.5 meters per second while in many cases the rated wind speed for power generation is about 15-19 meters per second. Nevertheless, these low wind speeds in Zambia could be sufficient for water pumping using windmills. 4.1.5 Geothermal Potential Zambia has more than eighty (80) hot springs. The Zambian hot springs are associated with zones of major deep seated fault and fracture systems. Water of mainly meteoric origin circulates to great depths and is heated through normal geothermal gradients. Whilst most of the identified springs have not been examined in detail, interpretations of geochemical data and estimation of subterranean temperature for some of them points to the existence of worthwhile and potentially exploitable low energy geothermal reserves in most parts of the country. Some of the earliest publications on Zambian hot springs date as far back as 1889. From the 1950 \'s various individuals and institutions have investigated the occurrence of hot springs in Zambia to various degrees, these include the Geological Survey of Zambia and the Department of Water Affairs. However, little else has been done to utilize the springs for industrial or energy provision purposes. The Zambian springs are generalized into seven geographic groups namely Northern, Western, South ­ Eastern Luangwa, Choma, Lochinvar, Eastern Luangwa, and Mansa ­ Copperbelt. Table 3 provides a summary of geothermal potential sites according to geographical grouping. Table 3: Possible Geothermal Sites*  Northern Kapisya Kaputa Western Lupiamanzi Lubungu Eastern Chongo Nabwalya South Musaope Chikoa South/Eastern Chinyunyu Mafwasa Chitopolo Kampoko  *Source: Rural Electrification Working Group Report  At present, there is no electricity generation at the identified geothermal sites. However, following an initiative with the Italian Government in the mid 1980 \'s, Kapisya was developed to the extent that 2 x 120kW turbines were installed in 1987. Unfortunately, the Kapisya installation has never been loaded due to the absence of any infrastructure to distribute the electricity produced to the local community. Most investigations and examinations of Zambian hot springs were carried out more than fifteen years ago. There is a need to verify existing technical and socio ­ economic data that may have changed over the years. Such data will provide a means to assess whether development of any or all of these sites is viable.  CORE International, Inc.  15  USAID Energy and Environment Training Partner    Energy Services Delivery in Zambia, Status and Opportunities for Enhancement in the Context of GVEP  4.2 Institutional Arrangements The Ministry of Energy and Water Development (MEWD) is the principal institution with the national mandate of carrying out energy planning and policy development. ZESCO has been the implementing agency of the government for electrification projects and is responsible for generation, transmission and distribution of power. The Energy Regulation Board (ERB) is responsible for regulating the energy sector by monitoring the efficiency and performance of undertakings. The National Energy Policy (NEP) of 1994 opened up a series of energy legislations aimed at increasing the private sector participation and protection of the consumer interests. The consequent legislations include; Electricity Act (1995), Petroleum Act (1995), and Energy Regulation Act (1995). In order to promote investment in hydro generation and transmission line infrastructure development, the Government approved a policy document in 1998 and consequently set up an Office for Promoting Private Power Investment, (OPPPI) in the Ministry of Energy and Water Development. However, despite the creative approaches on the policy front, the challenge of taking power to rural areas still remains formidable given the relatively high capital costs and low financial returns compared to corresponding urban projects. This is because most rural areas tend to have scattered concentration of population with little or no major productive economic activities. Many of the rural areas are also remote from the national electricity grid, making it even more costly to extend the power lines. To accelerate the rate of electrification in rural areas, a Rural Electrification Fund (REF) was established in 1995 within the Ministry of Energy & Water Development (MEWD). The fund, financed by a 3% levy on electricity is meant to finance the cost of extending the electricity grid within reach of consumers. Despite the existence of the fund for the past 9 years, Zambia has not seen any changes in the level of rural access to electricity, which has remained at 2%. Experience from other developing countries which have more successful rural electrification programs has shown that there is a need to have an institution solely dedicated to rural electrification. This arrangement is necessary in order to attract external financing for rural electrification particularly from bilateral cooperating partners who are always concerned that their support may be diverted by governments to other priority areas. Against this background, the government enacted a bill for the establishment of a Rural Electrification Authority (REA) in December 2003. The REA development concept is included in the Appendix A. At the same time, amendments to the Electricity Act (1995) were passed by Parliament. The functions of REA include: Administer and manage the Rural Electrification Fund;  CORE International, Inc.  16  USAID Energy and Environment Training Partner    Energy Services Delivery in Zambia, Status and Opportunities for Enhancement in the Context of GVEP  Develop, implement, and update rural electrification master plans for systematic electrification of rural areas Promote the utilization of available rural electrification technological options Mobilize funds from within and outside Zambia in support of rural electrification Offer, on a competitive basis, the construction of electrification projects and periodically publish information on the programs being carried out Design and offer, on competitive basis, to the developers or operators, smart subsidies for capital costs on projects that are designed to supply energy for the development of rural areas In conjunction with various stakeholders, develop mechanisms for the operation of the grid extension network for rural electrification and other energy supply systems Finance project preparation studies for rural electrification projects in accordance with the guidelines developed and approved by the Authority, and Recommend policies for the enhancement of access to electricity by rural population. With the establishment of the REA, government hopes to increase the rural electricity access from the current 2% to 15% by 2010. At the national level, the average access level to electricity is about 20%. Policy and Planning Institutions The following institutions play a key role in the policy development and planning of the electrification program and Energy Services Delivery in Zambia. Table 4 summarizes the roles of key policy and planning institutions. Table 4: Institutions with Key Role in Policy and Planning  Agency/Institution Ministry of Energy and Water Development Ministry of Finance and National Planning Rural Electrification Committee Energy Regulation Board Type Government Government Government Statutory Role/functions Lead ministry for energy policy and planning National Budget, Tax Policies Selection (planning) of projects Industry regulation (tariffs, performance standards)  CORE International, Inc.  17  USAID Energy and Environment Training Partner    Energy Services Delivery in Zambia, Status and Opportunities for Enhancement in the Context of GVEP  Agency/Institution Zambia Bureau of Standards Zambia Investment Centre ZESCO Ltd Rural Electrification Agency*  Type Statutory Statutory Parastatal Statutory (2003)  Role/functions Equipment and installation standards, Promotion of local and foreign investment, processing of applications Implementation of electrification projects Manage Rural Electrification programs.  * The Rural Electrification Agency Bill was enacted in December 2003 .  Financing and Implementing Institutions Table 5 summarizes the institutions and their respective key role in the financing and implementation of electrification projects and energy services delivery system in Zambia. Table 5: Financing and Implementing Institutions  Agency/Institution MEWD Ministry of Finance and National Planning ZESCO Ltd Rural Electrification Fund Office for Promoting Private Power Investment Ministry of Health Ministry of Education Energy Services Companies (ESCO) Zambia National Tender Board Rural Electrification Agency Type Government Government Parastatal Government Government Government Government Private Procurement Statutory Role/functions Coordination of RE Programs Foreign funding, Budget allocations Collection of electricity levy and project execution Disbursement of funds to ZESCO Implementation of  framework and package of incentives for private sector participation in hydropower and transmission development  Financing of Electrification of Heath Institutions, solar energy program for health centers, etc. Electrification of schools and teachers \' houses Management of photovoltaic-based electricity services (Pilot project) Procurement of goods and services for government, parastatals, and statutory bodies Management of REF, Master Plans, Fund mobilization  4.3 Regulatory Environment The Energy Regulation Board regulates the energy sector and issues licenses to the undertakings in the energy sector. These include undertakings in electricity generation, transmission, distribution, supply, and production and handling of petroleum products and other forms of energy.  CORE International, Inc.  18  USAID Energy and Environment Training Partner    Energy Services Delivery in Zambia, Status and Opportunities for Enhancement in the Context of GVEP  4.4 Barriers and Market Environment The poor performance of the economy since the 1970s has significantly diminished the ability of the Government to provide public services including its capacity to implement a satisfactory rural electrification and other energy service delivery program. Other barriers to achieving an enhanced electrification program and improved Modern Energy Service Delivery (MESD) systems include financial, institutional, commercial, education, transaction costs, tariffs, training, and awareness on renewable energy technologies. The major barriers are as follows: Financial constraints: The scarcity of public funds and the competing need to invest in different sectors by the government has negatively impacted on the implementation of ESD programs in Zambia. The current 3% electricity levy is insufficient to implement any significant rural electrification projects. Private sector participation in the ESD programs has been lacking because the rural energy projects tend to be less attractive and the investment incentives have not been operational. Institutional arrangements: An appropriate institutional structure specifically designed to effectively manage the implementation and mobilization of funds for rural energy services delivery has been lacking. Currently, there are cumbersome arrangements by which the electricity levy is collected and transferred to the REF. Tariffs: The current mechanism for applying a uniform national electricity tariff is not cost reflective. For example, the customers supplied by more expensive diesel generation enjoy a common tariff with those supplied from the national grid although the cost of diesel generation is 10 times higher. This makes investments particularly in rural areas unattractive. Information and Awareness: There is inadequate information about available energy resources and applicable technology which can be utilized for project planning. Further, there has been poor dissemination of information largely due to a lack of communication infrastructure, low literacy levels, and language barriers. There is also a lack of awareness of business opportunities among the entrepreneurs. Inadequate Pilot Projects: There is an inadequate number of projects to demonstrate the applicability of some of the available energy technologies. Transaction Costs: The process from conceiving the project to the point of implementation can be expensive. The process may include surveys, feasibility studies, licensing, etc. Furthermore, in relative terms, RETs and small-scale energy systems have high investment capital costs, which need guarantees of long-term stable income streams to  19  CORE International, Inc.  USAID Energy and Environment Training Partner    Energy Services Delivery in Zambia, Status and Opportunities for Enhancement in the Context of GVEP  ensure financial viability. Fiscal incentives and some form of smart subsidy would enable the development of renewable energy projects and make them financially attractive to private participation. 4.5 Role of Stakeholders The electrification and modern energy service delivery program can only achieve its intended purpose if the various stakeholders are involved in program development right from the inception stage. Some of the key stakeholders and their respective roles are highlighted in Tables 4 and 5. The stakeholders list includes: Government Ministries, Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs), public and private energy companies, bilateral and multilateral financing institutions, learning institutions, Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), consumer associations, and the private sector. The respective roles of each of these institutions are as follows: Ministry of Energy and Water Development is responsible for policy formulation, legislation, co-ordination of energy institutions and program/project development. Rural Electrification Authority (REA) will be responsible for managing the RE programs, mobilizing funds, and developing the RE Master Plan. Ministry of Finance is responsible for budget, taxes, incentives, and funding of other Ministries for energy services delivery projects. For example, the Ministry of Education would budget for the electrification of schools and the funding for these projects would be provided by the Ministry of Finance. The same applies to similar undertakings in various other ministries. So far, the Ministry of Finance has been controlling the REF and releasing funds to the Ministry of Energy and Water Development for the RE programs. Ministry of Legal Affairs is responsible for the legislation and drafting of bills on behalf of various Ministries and government institutions. ZESCO will be a major player in the actual implementation of the RE projects because of its experience and existing capacity in implementing the RE projects. The level of participation of other private utilities and energy services companies will have to be ascertained. Financial Sector will a have a role of providing financing, co-financing and administering of the funds for energy projects. International Co-operating Partners are expected to participate in rural energy development through grants and donations to the REF.  CORE International, Inc.  20  USAID Energy and Environment Training Partner    Energy Services Delivery in Zambia, Status and Opportunities for Enhancement in the Context of GVEP  Private Investors will be expected to play an important role in increasing rural energy delivery systems by competitively bidding for the RE projects tendered by the REA. The mechanisms for subsidies will have to be determined especially in rural areas. NGOs will play a vital role as participating organizations in the implementation of energy projects and in the dissemination of information to the end users. 5. Energy in the Context of Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper in Zambia Zambia \'s Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) covering the 2002-2004 period highlights a multi-pronged approach to reducing poverty levels currently estimated at 73%. The country recognizes that economic growth is a key element in poverty reduction and, as a result, growth stimulating interventions are being vigorously pursued by government. In the energy sector, the PRSP recognizes the availability and provision of modern energy services as a catalyst for economic growth, poverty reduction and environmental protection. Increased accessibility of the majority of the population to efficient modern energy services will lead to the improvement of standard of living of the Zambian people. Apart from being a critical input in many sectors, energy is an industry with the capacity of earning foreign exchange and providing employment to many people. 5.1 Energy and Sustainable Development The availability of and access to reliable, efficient, and affordable energy by all involved in socio-economic activities is a pre-requisite to sustainable economic growth. Modern energy forms such as electricity and petroleum products are critical inputs to the production of goods and services required for socio-economic advancement. 5.2 Place of Energy Services in Poverty Reduction Strategy The PRSP for the energy sector identifies the following strategies: Enhancing the capacity of current energy delivery infrastructure through rehabilitation and/or refurbishment to ensure reliable and efficient supplies, and to ensure access by more people Creating new energy delivery infrastructure through, for example, building new power stations and transmission lines to cater for increased domestic demand and export, and Targeted interventions aimed at achieving particular results such as increased access and promotion of alternative technology.  CORE International, Inc.  21  USAID Energy and Environment Training Partner    Energy Services Delivery in Zambia, Status and Opportunities for Enhancement in the Context of GVEP  These three strategies are translated into particular activities as follows: Enhancing the capacity of the current energy delivery infrastructure through rehabilitation and/or refurbishment to ensure reliable and efficient supplies, and ensure access by more people. Specific projects include: a. Power Rehabilitation project: This project is aimed at refurbishing the major electricity infrastructure such as hydropower plants, the transmission network, and the distribution system. The project is intended to enhance the performance levels, economic life, and reliability of the power system. b. Petroleum Rehabilitation Project: The main components of this project are the rehabilitation of the TAZAMA pipeline and the tank farm in Dar-esSalaam. This involves cathodic protection of the pipeline, refurbishment and improvement of the pumps along the pipeline and improvement of telecommunication system along the pipeline. Other activities include the rehabilitation of the fuel terminal at Ndola, construction of a 40,000 tones capacity crude oil tank, and the setting up of a technical cell on petroleum in the Department of Energy. Creation of new energy delivery infrastructure. Specific projects include: a. The Kafue Gorge Lower Hydro Electric Project: The project involves the development of a 600 MW power station located 2 kilometers downstream from the existing 900 MW Kafue Gorge Upper power station. b. The Itezhi-Tezhi Hydro Electric Project: This project involves the development of a 120 MW power station at the existing Itezhi-Tezhi dam located 230 kilometers upstream of the Kafue Gorge power station. The project also includes the construction of a 200km 220kV transmission line from Itezhi-Tezhi power station to Muzuma substation in Choma. c. The Zambia-Tanzania Power Interconnector Project: The project involves construction of a 697 km 330 kV power transmission line from Serene in Zambia to Meyer in Tanzania. The project scope has since been expanded to include an interconnection from Tanzania to Kenya. The project will open up avenues for increased electricity trade in the region and enhance security of electricity supply. d. The Zambia - Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) Power Interconnector: The project involves construction of a second 220kV line parallel to the existing one. There is also a plan to construct a 330kV Interconnector between Kolwezi (DRC) to Solwezi (Zambia).  CORE International, Inc.  22  USAID Energy and Environment Training Partner    Energy Services Delivery in Zambia, Status and Opportunities for Enhancement in the Context of GVEP  e. The Electrification of Mkushi Farm Block: This project has been outstanding since the early 1970s. The project is aimed at extending the electricity grid into the farm block to support agricultural activities. f. The promotion of efficient production and utilization of wood fuel: Under this program, studies of the various aspects of the charcoal industry, starting with the resource base (forests), charcoal production, transportation, marketing and distribution are being conducted. The aim of this program is to minimize the use of woodfuel because of its adverse effects on the environment, and g. The development and promotion of other alternative fuels to replace woodfuel in households: Fuels like Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) are strongly considered as possible replacements of the woodfuel. h. Targeted interventions aimed at achieving particular results such as increased access and promotion of alternative energy technologies. Under this strategy the Rural Electrification Program plays an important role in the promotion of renewable energy sources of energy. Although the rural electrification program has existed for many years, its implementation has been slow. The rural electrification fund (REF) created in 1994 by the government has not been used effectively due to various institutional reasons. The integration of the use of new and renewable energy in the provision of energy services to rural communities has been another intervention. Promotion of PV-Solar Home Systems in Eastern Province is one such example. The government is also promoting the development of small hydropower stations to enhance rural electrification. One particular area is the North-Western province where development of small hydropower stations is being supported to replace the costly diesel generation. 5.3 Existing Plans for Integrating Energy Services with Development The fundamental energy challenge facing the nation is how to fully exploit the energy resource for social and economic development in a systematic way that can lead to sustained growth and employment creation. Limited financial resources and an absence of a clear framework for planning to extend energy services to the population are the main reasons for low energy access and low levels of development in the rural sector. The formation of the Rural Electrification Authority (REA) is a major step forward. Also, the establishment of a multi-sectoral consultation process that builds upon ideas such as the Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) is another major step by the Government. Other initiatives include the UNIDO/GEF project on Renewable Energy Based Electricity Generation for isolated mini-grids, which includes promotion of mini-hydro, solar energy services and biomass.  CORE International, Inc.  23  USAID Energy and Environment Training Partner    Energy Services Delivery in Zambia, Status and Opportunities for Enhancement in the Context of GVEP  GRZ and other local stakeholders recognize the need for a better integration of ESD programs in the rural development plans and programs. This is expected to enhance focus on income generation and employment activities, as well as priority social interventions (in the areas of heath, education, and clean water supply). In this way, ESD intervention would be more sustainable and effective. 5.4 Existing Financing Plans and Programs for Increased Access to Modern Energy Services The existing financing plans and programmes aimed at increasing access to energy services are as follows: Rural Electricity Authority (REA): The REA will mobilise funds including the rural electrification levy for purpose of financing the electrification programmes. ESCO Concept: This concept involves providing a credit to the energy service companies for them to provide the electricity services to the rural population. So far, the existing credits are made available by donor communities. It is hoped that in future the REA can make available credits to the ESCOs. UNIDO/GEF Project: The thrust of this project is on Renewable Energy Based Electricity Generation for isolated mini-grids which includes the promotion of mini-hydro units, solar energy services, and biomass. This is one of the programs intended to increase access to modern energy services. This concept can be adopted by other international financing institutions. Increased Access to Energy Services (IAES)2: One of the major programs being jointly developed by the GRZ and the World Bank is the  Increased Access to Energy Services (IAES) program scheduled to be negotiated in January 2006. The funding level for this program has been tentatively set at about   24 million credit from International Development Association (IDA). Additional funds of about  8 million from Global Environmental Facility (GEF) grant and  3-5 million from the World Bank \'s Carbon Finance Group will be sought. This program is being designed following the concept that the benefits of rural electrification can be significantly increased by working with other sectors (such as health, and education), so that services in these sectors can also be improved once electricity and information and communication technologies (ICTs) become available. The concept of this program is designed to reflect the importance of the cross-sectoral nature of rural development and the vital role of improved energy services in that process. Furthermore, as the proactive promotion of income generation activities by various small and medium enterprises increases, the overall  2  Source: The World Bank Mission to Zambia -- Aide Memoire, April 4, 2004 24  USAID Energy and Environment Training Partner  CORE International, Inc.    Energy Services Delivery in Zambia, Status and Opportunities for Enhancement in the Context of GVEP  economic and social development is expected to be enhanced. This will further enhance local participation in rural energy service delivery and will increase consumer confidence and acceptance of government \'s rural energy policies and programs. Major program components include; technical assistance, capacity building, and most importantly, co-financing in investment projects. The investment projects would be in the areas of:  Electricity, for (i) distribution grid extensions, (ii) independent grid supply using RET such as small and mini hydropower, and (iii) small solar PV systems; and ICTs (telephony and connectivity), for (i) extension of basic telephony, (ii) extension of Internet to district headquarters, and (iii) extension of ICTs to selected rural institutions.    6. Potentials for Sustainable Up-Scaling of the ESD Process in the Context of the GVEP Initiative 6.1 The GVEP Benefits The following is an outline of the possible benefits that can be derived from the GVEP initiative: 1. The benefits to the Zambian government could include: · Planning assistance, donor coordination, local/foreign investment and policy advisory services, energy security or independence, access to modern technologies, services, and Green House Gasses (GHG) reduction. 2. The benefits to Zambian NGOs and Entrepreneurs will include: · Managerial tools to run or expand businesses; local skills for local manufacturing, installation, organization and management of energy technology; support in business plan development; seed capital for business start up; and, access to micro credit. 3. International private sector in Zambia benefits will include: · New market in the energy sector in Zambia, in country partnerships, project identification in Zambia, pre feasibility study funding, and market information in the energy sector. 4. Zambian energy consumers will have the following benefits: · Improved quality of life and increased jobs and income. Ultimately the priorities and objectives of GVEP are supposed to result in the reduction of poverty and enhancement of sustainable development in developing countries through the provision of modern and affordable energy services to those unserved or under served.  25  CORE International, Inc.  USAID Energy and Environment Training Partner    Energy Services Delivery in Zambia, Status and Opportunities for Enhancement in the Context of GVEP  6.2 What can Zambia do to Enhance its Participation in the GVEP? The following is a list of action items to enhancing Zambia \'s participation in the GVEP initiative: Raise national awareness as to the potential role of access to modern energy services in contribution to poverty reduction in Zambia. Hold national consultations regarding Zambia \'s role in meeting GVEP objectives. Identify and prioritize activities in various sectors of the economy including agriculture, education, health, water, communications, and Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) for implementation. Seek funds for the identified projects through the GVEP platform. Initiate the action planning process with the objective of developing an actionable document for financing rural energy access projects and capacity building. Strengthen the capacity of the Zambia National GVEP Secretariat. In order to prepare for an active participation in the GVEP, the Department of Energy in Zambia has established a country GVEP Secretariat within the MEWD. 6.3 Establishment of the GVEP Secretariat at National Level The Government of the Republic of Zambia is committed to use the GVEP as a major relevant initiative to improve the Energy Delivery Services in Zambia. Through the Ministry of Energy & Water Development, Zambia joined the GVEP in February 2003. In June 2003, the Ministry established the Zambia GVEP National Secretariat at the Department of Energy. Since then the secretariat has worked to recruit national stakeholders interested in collaborating on energy-poverty issues in Zambia through the GVEP process. Having made considerable progress, the Zambia National GVEP Secretariat has requested financial support from the GVEP Technical Secretariat to intensify the national consultative process aimed at developing an implementable action plan that can lead to enhanced modern energy services contributing to poverty reduction in Zambia. There is a need for capacity building in the Secretariat including the provision of office equipment (computer, printer, and internet connection), vehicle, and training of secretariat staff in poverty reduction courses.  CORE International, Inc.  26  USAID Energy and Environment Training Partner    Energy Services Delivery in Zambia, Status and Opportunities for Enhancement in the Context of GVEP  6.4 Institutionalizing In-Country Stakeholder Consultations in the Framework of the GVEP ­ Toward Establishing a Multi-Sector GVEP Working Group As a way forward, Technical Consultation on the Global Village Partnership (GVEP), sponsored by USAID, was held at Chrismar Hotel in Lusaka on March 24, 2004. The consultation session, which reviewed the current status of rural energy (RE) delivery in Zambia, highlighted among other issues the GVEP objectives, priorities and support guidelines. A number of observations and recommendations for the next steps or way forward in the enhancement of ESDs in the context of the GVEP initiative were made by participants at this workshop. Among the recommendations was the formation of a GVEP Working Group (GVEPWG) consisting of 16 members representing the main stakeholder groups. The GVEP Working Group will draw representatives from the sectors to be targeted in the GVEP National Action Plan. The identified target sectors are as follows: Agriculture and Cottage Industry: For small scale irrigation, value adding agricultural processing, and handicraft products utilizing local resources. Health Sector: For solar electrification for remote rural health centers and grid extension to health centers near supply. Education Sector: For solar electrification for remote rural schools and grid extension to schools near supply. Small and Medium Enterprises: For modern energy for non-farming enterprises, water supply, resource development, delivery modes, and water, sanitation, and health education. Cross cutting issues that would need to be addressed by the GVEP Working Group include: (i) best practices on energy use & provision, (ii) equitable energy provision, (iii) utilization of energy in diagnostic services/laboratory services towards prevention and treatment of HIV/AIDS related diseases, and (iv) environment mitigation through appropriate use of energy resources (e.g. biomass). During the second half of 2003, the Department of Energy at the MEWD had been soliciting stakeholder group and individual interest on participating in the GVEP-Zambia movement. Since then, many stakeholders have expressed their interest to participate in this process. Appendix B provides a full report of the Technical Consultations on the Global Village Partnership (GVEP), sponsored by USAID and held at Chrismar Hotel in Lusaka on March 24, 2004. This Technical Consultation envisioned the responsibilities of the GVEPWG as follows: Provision of input to the National Energy Policy (NEP)  CORE International, Inc.  27  USAID Energy and Environment Training Partner    Energy Services Delivery in Zambia, Status and Opportunities for Enhancement in the Context of GVEP  Development of the Action Plans as the implementation vehicle for energy related activities set forth in Zambia \'s PRSP and Transitional National Development Plan (TNDP) Strengthening the capacity of the GVEP Technical Secretariat (GVEPTS) Sensitization of the stakeholders on the objectives and functions of the GVEP through information dissemination and public awareness, and Organization of National Workshops to communicate the RE/RES programs. During the Technical Consultation on March 24, 2004, it was agreed that the development of a GVEP National Action Plan would be one of the priority actions and major milestones for the GVEPWG. 6.5 Need for Developing a GVEP National Action Plan In order to provide for a successful launch and implementation of a large program on enhancing rural energy access in Zambia, there is a need to develop a GVEP National Action Plan. This GVEP National Action Plan will need to link energy to broader poverty reduction and sustainable development activities as outlined in the PRSP and the Transitional National Development Plan (TNDP). The TNDP aims to reverse Zambia \'s socio-economic decline and stimulate pro-poor economic growth thereby creating employment and reducing poverty. The TNDP draws heavily on the ideas of the PRSP, however in the TNDP these ideas are crystallized into the agenda of the National Development Plan ensuring coordination and inter-linkage of the sectoral developments. To provide for a successful launch and implementation of a large program on enhancing energy delivery services in Zambia, the National Action Plan should address the following: Identification of the priority activities requiring energy interventions in the sectors of Agriculture, Education, Health, Water, Communication, and Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). A strategy defining the necessary sector reforms, financing modalities, technical choices and measures to facilitate the implementation of the priority actions within the PRSP and the TNDP. An outline of tools required to monitor and evaluate objectives and measure the realization of sectoral priorities and targets on poverty reduction. An indication of the support expected from the funding agencies such as the World Bank and other donors in the short-term and long-term periods. Identification of a road map for GVEP supported activities in Zambia over the next ten years.  CORE International, Inc.  28  USAID Energy and Environment Training Partner    Energy Services Delivery in Zambia, Status and Opportunities for Enhancement in the Context of GVEP  7. Initial Action Plan for GVEP Activities in Zambia This section presents a draft Initial Action Plan for GVEP Activities in Zambia. The draft highlights all major GVEP related immediate and mid-term milestones and actions in Zambia. It focuses on the preparatory work that needs to be performed in order to develop a detailed and creditable GVEP Action Plan. More specifically, it includes: Areas of intervention for the GVEP service Objectives to be achieved and strategies to be developed Priority actions to be undertaken Responsible institution(s) Expected start/completion dates for each itemized activity. The overall draft Initial Action Plan for GVEP activities in Zambia is provided in Appendix C. This initial action plan was developed with feedback and support provided by the DOE. 8. Conclusions and Recommendations In order to enhance Zambia \'s participation in the GVEP initiative, the following immediate next steps are recommended: A GVEP Working Group needs to be established with a specific composition and terms of reference. The Working Group would consist of up to 16 members from government ministries, private sector, regulatory institutions, NGOs, University, donor community and consumer associations The GVEP process management structure needs to be developed as shown below: A GVEP National Action Plan needs to be developed, and The draft Initial Action Plan for GVEP Activities in Zambia (enclosed in the Appendix C of this report) needs to be finalized and approved for implementation.  CORE International, Inc.  29  USAID Energy and Environment Training Partner    Energy Services Delivery in Zambia, Status and Opportunities for Enhancement in the Context of GVEP  GVEP-TS WASHINGTON DC  WORLD BANK, OTHERS  ZAMBIA GVEP-TS  DOE/ MEWD  ZAMBIA GVEP-WG  CONSULTANT  Government  Regulator  Private Sector  NGO  Consumer  Donor  REA/ REF  Investor/ Developer  TS = Technical Secretariat NGO=Non-Governmental Organization DOE = Department of Energy MEWD= Ministry of Energy of Water Development GVEP = Global Village Energy Partnership WG = Working Group REA/REF = Rural Electrification Authority/Rural Electrification Fund  9. Way Forward In order to move the process forward, in the immediate term the Department of Energy is planning to: Facilitate meetings with representative of the NGOs, Private sector, Consumer Association and other stakeholder organizations for them to select members of the GVEPWG Propose the members of the GVEP-WG for approval by Minister of Energy and Water Development Prepare draft Terms of Reference for the Working Group and its sub-groups Organize the next stakeholders \' meeting Develop a GVEP National Action Plan preparation management plan including budget and schedule Scout funds required to organize the GVEP National Action Plan preparation.  CORE International, Inc.  30  USAID Energy and Environment Training Partner    Energy Services Delivery in Zambia, Status and Opportunities for Enhancement in the Context of GVEP  Bibliography 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. National Energy Policy, 1994 Energy Statistics Bulletin, 2000 ZESCO statistics, 2003 Electricity Act, 1995 Energy Regulation Act, 1995 Rural Electrification Act, 2003 Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper, 2002-2004 Rural Electrification Working Group, Draft Report, 2003 Mechanisms for expanding Rural Electrification through PV-ESCOs, 2002, Department of Energy. Energy and Socio-economic Development in Zambia, R C Sampa, 2003. Opportunities, Barriers and Policy Dialogue Process to Promote the Use of Renewable Energy Technologies (RETs) and Energy Efficiency for Sustainable Development With Particular Reference to Poverty Reduction, Prof. F. D. Yamba, Director, Centre for Energy, Environment and Engineering Zambia Ltd (CEEEZ), March 23, 2004 The World Bank Mission on IAES to Zambia -- Aide Memoire, October 2003 Materials and Support from the GVEP Technical Secretariat Global Environmental Facility, Increased Access to Electricity with Energy, Proposal for PDF Block Grant, 2002  12. 13. 14.  CORE International, Inc.  31  USAID Energy and Environment Training Partner    Energy Services Delivery in Zambia, Status and Opportunities for Enhancement in the Context of GVEP  Appendices  CORE International, Inc.  1  USAID Energy and Environment Training Partner    Energy Services Delivery in Zambia, Status and Opportunities for Enhancement in the Context of GVEP  Appendix A: Rural Electrification Authority (REA) ­ The Concept  (As Developed by the DOE at MEWD) Lusaka, September 2003 I. Introduction Access to electricity by rural households in Zambia is currently estimated at 2% against a national average of about 20%. Implicit in these figures are that very few people use electricity in Zambia as a whole, and that there is a sharp imbalance of access between the rural and the urban dwellers. The Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper adopted by the Zambian government in ...links the availability of electricity to the reduction of poverty in the rural areas, thereby according rural electrification a high priority development objective For a number of reasons, previous efforts to electrify rural areas have been ineffective, to the extent that access has stagnated at the 2% mark for the last eight years. This is in spite of a 3% levy on electricity consumption instituted in 1995 to establish a Rural Electrification Fund from which the costs of electricity grid extensions to rural parts of the country were to be met. The reasons for the poor performance of the current rural electrification program include the following: (a) The funds collected through the electricity levy fall far short of the requirements of a meaningful rural electrification program, even without reference to the ambitious target of increasing rural access from the current 2% to 15% by the year 2010 as pronounced by the government in the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper. (b) Government diverts a significant proportion of the electricity levy to other purposes, thus reducing further the capacity of the Fund to finance projects. (c) In spite of efforts to develop and implement objective criteria, the selection of electrification projects is open to excessive political interference, resulting in haphazard implementation that does not accord with national priorities.  (d) The current Rural Electrification Fund is narrowly focused on grid extensions. Yet for many parts of the country this is not an economically feasible option due to the remoteness of the areas or low population densities. (e) Rural electrification is burdensome to Zambia Electricity Supply Corporation, which yields to political pressure and is compelled to heavily subsidize electrification projects. A new approach to rural electrification in Zambia needs to address two main issues: 1) raising sufficient funds and 2) instituting a system of program management that is transparent, professional, accountable and insulated from political manipulation. Rural  2  CORE International, Inc.  USAID Energy and Environment Training Partner    Energy Services Delivery in Zambia, Status and Opportunities for Enhancement in the Context of GVEP  electrification is a costly endeavor, which means not only that large amounts of money are necessary, but also that the application of the funds must be well focused and efficient. The government estimates that, for the target of 15% rural access by 2010, an amount of about US  300 million will be needed. It is unrealistic to envisage that this kind of funding will come only from government. A clear policy and a robust institutional framework for rural electrification can be expected to attract the support of cooperating partners, which will enhance the capacity of the program. Against this background, and taking into account the experience gained so far, the government has decided to establish a Rural Electrification Authority (REA). The Department of Energy circulated an initial draft of the concept to key stakeholders and to the general public for comment. The submissions of the respondents were then subjected to a consultative workshop in August 2003 to which were invited a wide cross section of representatives of business, consumers, the civil society and academia. The current document has been revised to reflect the ideas and suggestions gathered during the consultations. II. Establishment The Rural Electrification Authority will be established as an autonomous body supported by an Act of Parliament. The Act will empower the Authority to manage the Rural Electrification Fund, which will be financed from the electricity levy and any other sources. The electricity levy will go directly to the Fund III. Objectives The following are the objectives of the Rural Electrification Authority: 1. To promote and finance grid-extension and off-grid projects. 2. To support the development of rural agriculture and agro-based livelihood activities through electrification. 3. To finance decentralized power generation projects, use of new and renewable energy sources, consultancy services, sub-transmission and distribution systems, etc. for providing reliable supply of power to rural areas 4. To mobilize funds from domestic and international sources in support of rural electrification. 5. To ensure that the rural electrification program delivers sustainable access to electricity for the rural population; 6. To promote the integration of electrification projects with overall development initiatives for the rural areas  CORE International, Inc.  3  USAID Energy and Environment Training Partner    Energy Services Delivery in Zambia, Status and Opportunities for Enhancement in the Context of GVEP  7. To provide technical guidance and consultancy services in support of rural electrification to rural communities, entrepreneurs and other organizations concerned with rural development. IV. Responsibilities and Functions Sources of Funds 1. Collects the electricity levy directly or through an agent approved by the Government 2. Receives grants and borrows from Government, national agencies, banks or individuals 3. Receives, through the GRZ, grants and loans from foreign governments or international agencies Application of Funds 1. Manages the Rural Electrification Fund in the most efficient and cost-effective manner for the sole objective of increasing the availability and access of electricity to the rural population. 2. Formulates, approves and manages its annual operational budget. 3. Approves loans to rural electricity supply companies or other bodies attaching such concessions as in the view of the Authority is in the interest of the rural population, but without compromise to the long-term sustainability of electricity access. 4. Finances Technical Assistance to Rural Electrification institutions for project preparation and implementation in accordance with the guidelines developed and approved by the Authority. 5. Finances projects and other activities in generation, transmission and distribution systems related to rural electrification. 6. Finances development of human resources in any field critical to the advancement of rural electrification in Zambia. Operations 1. Formulates programs and detailed plans for the implementation of the approved national Rural Electrification Master Plan  CORE International, Inc.  4  USAID Energy and Environment Training Partner    Energy Services Delivery in Zambia, Status and Opportunities for Enhancement in the Context of GVEP  2. Identifies or facilitates the formation of appropriate institutions to generate and/or supply electricity to specific localities in rural areas 3. Ensures that rural electricity institutions, organizations or companies supported by the Rural Electrification Fund meet their contractual obligations and perform according to agreed standards. 4. Works with established companies and other organizations in the electricity supply industry to promote and advance rural electrification. Technical 1. In conjunction with the Energy Regulation Board and the electricity companies in rural areas, develops appropriate tariff structures for electricity supply to consumers, balancing the need for affordability with the sustainability of supplies. 2. Provides technical guidance and consultancy in matters related to conventional and alternative forms of electricity power generation in rural areas. 3. Builds and maintains a comprehensive public awareness program to enhance the effectiveness of the Rural Electrification program. General 1. Recommends to the Government policies for enhancement of rural access to electricity. 2. Performs such other functions as will enable the authority to meet its objectives and fulfill its mandate. V. Governance General Principles 1. The rural electrification program will be financed mainly from public resources. This will provide many opportunities for political influence in the operation and management of the Authority. This is one of the major criticisms and drawbacks of the current arrangement. To guard against this, or at the very least to minimize such influence, the Rural Electrification Authority will ensure that projects are selected in an open, transparent manner using criteria developed in conjunction with the major interested parties. 2. The Authority will seek to implement projects as efficiently as possible, while ensuring that the systems established can sustain electricity supply without continuous external intervention. A critical factor for efficiency and sustainability  CORE International, Inc.  5  USAID Energy and Environment Training Partner    Energy Services Delivery in Zambia, Status and Opportunities for Enhancement in the Context of GVEP  will be the involvement of local communities at all stages of development: site selection, planning, project execution, management. Such involvement will also ease consideration of issues of gender and the environment in specific locations. Board of Directors There will be a board of directors that will direct the affairs of the Authority in furtherance of the approved mandate. The size of the Board will be between 7 and 9 members of such background and experience as will ensure that the Authority performs to the highest standards. The core areas of expertise will be technology, finance and small-tomedium business. Management Structure The Board will develop the details of the management structure of the Authority. Apart from a chief executive officer, such a structure will include departments or sections for Fund Management, Project Planning and Coordination (grid and off-grid) and Accounting. In the interest of leanness and efficiency, the office of the CEO will be responsible for donor coordination. Away from the headquarters, the Authority will work with local administrations, NGOs active in various locations and utilities that may have regional offices to evolve suitable modalities of collaboration on specific electrification developments. This will avoid expensive permanent offices of the Authority being established throughout the country even in locations where they cannot be justified. VI. Standards and Safety The Rural Electrification Authority, in consultation with the Zambian Bureau of Standards and the Energy Regulation Board, and in collaboration with electric power utilities, manufacturers and research institutes, will develop standards suitable for the electrification of rural areas. Such standards shall meet the strictest safety requirements. Such standards shall cover all civil, mechanical and electrical equipment, installations and facilities. VII. Capacity Building and Training The Authority will work with established education and training institutions to develop or adapt courses for the various categories of personnel working in rural electrification to enhance the capacity and effectiveness of the rural electrification program. The areas of training will include: 1. Technology 2. Management  CORE International, Inc.  6  USAID Energy and Environment Training Partner    Energy Services Delivery in Zambia, Status and Opportunities for Enhancement in the Context of GVEP  3. New and renewable sources of energy 4. Finance and Accounting 5. Energy Conservation 6. Information Technology 7. Billing and Collections 8. Consumer relations. 9. Rural development  CORE International, Inc.  7  USAID Energy and Environment Training Partner    Energy Services Delivery in Zambia, Status and Opportunities for Enhancement in the Context of GVEP  Appendix B: Technical Consultations on Establishing the GVEP Working Group in Zambia on March 24, 2004  A Planning Workshop for the Global Village Partnership (GVEP), sponsored by USAID, was held at Chrismar Hotel in Zambia on March 24, 2004. A list of stakeholders that participated in this technical consultation workshop is listed at the end of this summary. At the workshop, the GVEP objectives, priorities, approach, and support guidelines to its members were defined and interpreted by DOE to the participants. The participants were also informed of the existence of Zambia GVEP Secretariat at the Department of Energy (DOE). Representatives from CORE International presented the status of the energy delivery systems and opportunities for enhancement in Zambia. Furthermore, possible areas of focus for the GVEP in Zambia and the potential benefits that may arise from the partnership were defined. With this background the workshop proceeded with technical consultations regarding the formalization of the GVEP Working Group in Zambia. The following represent major results of these stakeholder consultations: 1. The participants agreed to the formation of a GVEP Working Group (GVEP WG) and also made recommendations regarding its terms of reference and composition. The terms of reference for the GVEP WG were identified as follows: Provision of input to the National Energy Policy (NEP) Development of the Action Plan and ensuring that it is consistent with the National Energy Policy Strengthening the capacity of the Zambia GVEP Technical Secretariat Provision of input to country strategy notes Sensitization of the stakeholders on the objectives and functions of the GVEP through information dissemination and public awareness Organization of national workshops to communicate the program Review of best practices in other countries Regular review of the action plan and synthesis of the work of the consultants. 2. The structure of the GVEP in Zambia was discussed at length and the following structure was agreed to among the participants. The structure consists of one main working group and eight subgroups as shown in the following chart. The proposed size of the main GVEP-WG would consist of 16 members with the following composition: a. Six members from government ministries:  CORE International, Inc.  8  USAID Energy and Environment Training Partner    Energy Services Delivery in Zambia, Status and Opportunities for Enhancement in the Context of GVEP  · · · · · ·  Energy and Water Development Finance and National Planning Education Health Agriculture and Co-operatives; and Local Government and Housing The Structure of the Zambian GVEP WG and Its Sub-Groups  GVEP-TS WASHINGTON DC WORLD BANK, OTHERS  ZAMBIA GVEP-TS  DOE/ MEWD  ZAMBIA GVEP-WG  CONSULTANT  Government  Regulator  Private Sector  NGO  Consumer  Donor  REA/ REF  Investor/ Developer  Legend TS - Technical Secretariat NGO -Non-Governmental Organization DOE - Department of Energy MEWD - Ministry of Energy of Water Development GVEP - Global Village Energy Partnership WG - Working Group REA/REF - Rural Electrification Authority/.Rural Electrification Fund  b. Three members representing the private sector with one chosen from large scale enterprise, one from Small Medium Enterprises (SMEs) and one from a financial institution. c. One member from the regulatory institution (ERB) d. Two members from Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) e. One member from the University  CORE International, Inc.  9  USAID Energy and Environment Training Partner    Energy Services Delivery in Zambia, Status and Opportunities for Enhancement in the Context of GVEP  f. One member representing the donor community g. Two members from the consumer association of Zambia 3. To ensure effective coordination and facilitation of the GVEP objectives, the following measures concerning the establishment and functions of the Zambia GVEP Technical Secretariat were recommended: DOE should establish and house the Technical Secretariat; DOE and TS should facilitate appointment of GVEP WG members; DOE and TS should facilitate all meetings of the GVEP WG and the subgroups; TS should develop a resource proposal and arrange donor funding; TS should assess Technical Assistance and capacity building needs; DOE-TS should periodically provide briefs to the Minister through the Permanent Secretary; Prepare briefing reports to donors; and Support media, public outreach and information dissemination. 4. The participants agreed on an Action Plan outline with the following key elements: i) Ten year time frame with three phases · Immediate term: 2 years · Medium term: 3-5 years · Long Term: 6-10 years ii) Contents of the Action Plan · Goals · Objectives · List of activities o Surveys, studies, analysis o Major on-going projects and programs o Add-on projects to the existing projects o New projects o Engineering and costing iii) Responsibilities (Who does what?) iv) Timing · Schedule · Milestones · Parallel and sequential activities · Indicators for activities completion  10  CORE International, Inc.  USAID Energy and Environment Training Partner    Energy Services Delivery in Zambia, Status and Opportunities for Enhancement in the Context of GVEP  v) Mainstreaming of the Action Plan in the GRZ agenda · Ministerial Steering Committee · Annual review and revision of Action Plan · Institutional Arrangement for Action Plan implementation · Financing Mechanisms and sources 5. The participants also agreed on the following next steps: DOE will: i. Facilitate meetings with representatives of the NGOs, private sector, consumer associations and other stakeholder organizations for them to select members of the GVEP WG. Propose the candidates for membership of the GVEP WG to the Minister for approval Prepare Terms of Reference for the Working Group and sub-groups Organize the first GVEP WG meeting and prepare its agenda.  ii. iii. iv.  A complete list of participants in the Technical Consultations on March 24, 2004 follows in the next page.  CORE International, Inc.  11  USAID Energy and Environment Training Partner    Energy Services Delivery in Zambia, Status and Opportunities for Enhancement in the Context of GVEP  List of Participants in the Technical Consultations on Establishing the GVEP Working Group in Zambia  Chrismar Hotel, Lusaka, Zambia March 24, 2004  No. Name & Designation Mr. Albert Mumbi MD/ CEO 1. Organization, Address ENVIROCARE INTERNATIONAL LTD Factory No. 9 SEDB Industrial Estate Off Kafue Road P.O. Box 37237 Lusaka, Zambia Ministry of Health P.O.Box 30505 Lusaka ( NDEKE HOUSE) Zambia Water Marks Technical Services Ltd P.O. Box 38555 Lusaka Zambia UNDP P.O. Box 31966 Lusaka, Zambia Ministry of Energy and Water Development P.O. Box 36079 MEWD Lusaka, Zambia Extended Hand Community Foundation (EHCOF) P.O. Box 8 Mpatamatu Luanshya, Zambia Ministry of Energy and Water Development P.O. Box 51254 Lusaka, Zambia Power Investment P.O. Box 36079 Lusaka, Zambia Ph#Office:/ Ph#Res:/Fax: email office: Ph#Office: + 260 1272118 Ph#Res: + 260 97 773784 Fax: + 260 1 222733 email : caregroupzm@yahoo.co.uk Ph#Office: + 260 1 253040 Ph#Res: + 260 97 863769 Fax: Email: Ph#Office: + 260 95 951295 Ph#Res: Fax: + 260 1 227342 email: watermarkts@yahoo.com Ph#Office: + 260 1 250800 Ph#Res: Fax: + 260 1 253805 email : amos.muchaga@undp.org Ph#Office: + 260 1 252581 Ph#Res: + 260 97 835235 Fax: email : Ph#Office: Ph#Res: Fax: email : binwellmumba@yahoo.co.uk Ph#Office: + 260 1 251337 251819 Ph#Res: + 260 95 837066 Fax: + 260 1 252339 Email: doe@zamnet.zm Ph#Office: + 260 1 254948 Ph#Res: + 260 1 261044 Fax: + 260 1254948 email : csasa@zamnet.zm  2  Mr. Albert Nguluwe Chief Policy Analyst (EHS) Directorate of Health Policy Mr. Alfred Humbe Executive Director, Projects Mr. Amos Muchanga Program Analyst  3.  4. Ms. Annie Malaya Ngoma Senior Planner Planning and Information Mr. Binwell Mumba Executive Director 6.  5.  7.  Mr. Charles Mulenga Acting Senior Electricity Officer Mr. Clement Sasa Senior Project Engineer  8.  CORE International, Inc.  12  USAID Energy and Environment Training Partner    Energy Services Delivery in Zambia, Status and Opportunities for Enhancement in the Context of GVEP  No. 9.  Name & Designation Mr. Clotilda Muwanza Senior Energy Officer Mr. David Kema Acting Director Maritime and Inland Waterways Ms. Elisabeth Unden Gothenburg University Environmental Science Ms. Elizabeth N. Musonda Coordinator Mr. Eusebius C. Katai Director, Planning and Information  Organization, Address Department of Energy P O Box 36079 Lusaka, Zambia Ministry of Communications and Transport P.O. Box 50346 Lusaka, Zambia Goteborg University Kullengatn 12B S- 1242 Goteborg Sweden Zambian Energy and Environment Organization (ZENGO) P.O. Box 50266 Lusaka, Zambia Ministry of Energy and Water Development Mulungushi House Independence Av. P.O. Box 36079 Lusaka, Zambia Ministry of Energy and Water Development P.O. Box 36079 Lusaka, Zambia University of Zambia P.O. Box 32379 Lusaka, Zambia Department of Energy P.O. Box 51524 Lusaka, Zambia Ministry of Industries and Cooperatives P.O. Box 50291 Lusaka, Zambia Energy Regulation Board P. O. Box 36527 Lusaka, Zambia Energy and Environment Concerns for Zambia P.O. Box 51288 Lusaka, Zambia  10.  11.  12.  13.  14.  Mr. Geoffery Mukala Permanent Secretary  15.  Mr. Geoffrey Munyeme Private Consultant Physics Department Mr. Geoffrey Musonda Senior Energy Officer  16. Mr. Godfrey E.P. Mwanza Engineer Professor. J M Mwenechanya Mr. Kafula Chisanga Biomass Expert  17.  18.  Ph#Office:/ Ph#Res:/Fax: email office: Ph#Office: + 260 1 250355 Ph#Res: Fax: Email: doe@zamnet.zm Ph#Office: + 260 1 253165 Ph#Res: + 260 1 252402 Fax: + 260 1253165 email: dmiw@zamtel.zm Ph#Office: + 467 08 784541 Ph#Res: + 463 11 88484 Fax: email : elisabethunden@myself.com Ph#Office: Ph#Res: + 260 97 883614 Fax: email: zengostoves@yahoo.com Ph#Office: + 260 1 252011 Ext 48 + 260 1 252589 + 260 1 252581 Ph#Res: + 260 1 254714 Fax: + 260 1 252589 email : Ph#Office: + 260 1 252011 252589 / 252581 Fax: + 260 1 252589 email : doe@zamnet.zm Ph#Office: + 260 1 290429 293343 Ph#Res: + 260 97 749043 Fax: + 260 1 253952 gmunyeme@natsci.unzaI.zm Ph#Office: + 260 1 251819 254491 Ph#Res: + 260 96 751871 Fax: + 260 1 252339 Email: doe@zamnet.zm Ph#Office: + 260 1 2553466 Ph#Res: Fax: email : Ph#Office: + 260 1 236002 Ph#Res: email : jorry@zamnet.zm Ph#Office: + 260 96 751871 Ph#Res: + 260 96 751871 Fax: + 260 1 254 491 email : kafulac@yahoo.co.uk  19.  CORE International, Inc.  13  USAID Energy and Environment Training Partner    Energy Services Delivery in Zambia, Status and Opportunities for Enhancement in the Context of GVEP  No. 20.  Name & Designation Mr. Kasalwe Matthews Director Business Development Mr. Kasongo Chiwama Computer Programmer Mr. Kennedy Simpaka Manager  Organization, Address Multi Techniques Limited P.O. box 38691 Lusaka, Zambia Department of Energy P.O. Box 51254 Lusaka, Zambia Kenmore International Products ZSIC Building 2nd floor Room 221 P.O. Box 40183 Mufulira, Zambia Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering School of Engineering University of Zambia P.O. Box 32379 Lusaka, Zambia Goteborg University Nygarden Ovre SE ­ 51264 Holsljunga, Sweden Ministry of Energy and Water Development P.O. Box 51254 Lusaka, Zambia Ministry of Tourism Environment and Natural Resources P.O. Box 34011 Lusaka, Zambia Ministry of Energy and Water Development P.O Box 51254 Lusaka Zambia Miczo Bankers Trust Plot 57 Zambezi Road P.O. Box 51122 Lusaka, Zambia German Embassy United Nations Ave Lusaka, Zambia Lubuto Consulting Engineers P.O. Box 23600 Kitwe, Zambia Department of Energy P.O. Box 51254 Lusaka, Zambia  Ph#Office:/ Ph#Res:/Fax: email office: Ph#Office: + 260 97 806209 Ph#Res: + 260 97 806209 email: multi_jobs@hotmail.com Ph#Office: + 260 1 254491 Ph#Res: Fax: email : doe@zamnet.zm Ph#Office: Ph#Res: + 260 95 813844 Fax: + 260 2 410211 email : kennedy_simpaka@yahoo.com Ph#Office: + 260 1 290979 Ph#Res: + 260 1 264957 email: nyirenda@eng.unza.zm lembanyirenda@yahoo.co.uk Ph#Office: + 467 05 983381 Ph#Res: + 463 25 33310 Fax: email : lisa_hedin@hotmail.com Ph#Office: + 260 1 251819 Ph#Res: + 260 95 812439 Fax: email : doe@zamnet.zm Ph#Office: + 260 1 229410 Ph#Res: + 260 96 746841 Fax: + 260 1 222189 email: inmakumba@yahoo.com Ph#Office: + 260 1 251819 Ph#Res: Fax: email : mchileshe2001@yahoo.com Ph#Office: + 260 1 290852 291393 Ph#Res: + 260 95 880055 Fax: + 260 1 291393 Email: mbt@miczolink.zm Ph#Office: + 260 1250644 Ph#Res: Email: michael.winzer@diplo.de Ph#Office: + 260 2 245404 Ph#Res: + 260 95 835721 email : lubuto@mail.com Ph#Office: + 260 1 254491 email : doe@zamnet.zm  21.  22. Dr. Lemba D. Nyirenda Energy Systems and Lifelines Operations Research Advisor Ms. Lisa Hedin Student Gothenburg University Environmental Science M r. Maka Sikazwe Energy Exploration Officer Mr. Makumba Ignatius Principal Natural Resources Management Officer Mr. Malama Chileshe Energy Officer  23.  24.  25.  26.  27. Mr. Maureen Mwango Personal Assistant to the Chief Executive Mr. Michael Winzer Trainee Mr. Morton Mtonga Managing Director Mr. Mulasikwanda M Michael, Energy Management Officer  28.  29.  30. 31.  CORE International, Inc.  14  USAID Energy and Environment Training Partner    Energy Services Delivery in Zambia, Status and Opportunities for Enhancement in the Context of GVEP  No.  Name & Designation Mr. Mulwanda K.O. Electrical Engineer  Organization, Address P.O. Box 240484 Ndola, Zambia  32. Mr. Musonda Sinkala Energy Economist Mr. Ngosa Mbolela Energy Officer Mr. O.S. Kalumiana Acting Director Mr. Patrick Musakanya Mulenga Managing Director Ministry of Energy and Water Development P.O. Box 51254 Lusaka, Zambia Ministry of Energy and Water Development P.O. Box 51254 Lusaka, Zambia Department of Energy P.O. Box 51254 Lusaka, Zambia Zampower Engineering Ltd Postnet # 106 P.O. Box E891 Lusaka, Zambia Embassy of Sweden Haile Selassie Av. P.O. Box 50264 Ridgeway Lusaka, Zambia Environment Protection and Awareness Society (EPAS) P.O Box 10471 Chingola Zambia Solarfields (Z) Limited P. O. Box 30262 Lusaka, Zambia P.O Box 30146 Lusaka, Zambia  33.  34.  35.  36.  Mr. Pedro De Figueiredo First Secretary 37.  Ph#Office:/ Ph#Res:/Fax: email office: Ph#Office: + 260 2 230790 Ph#Res: + 260 95 888284 Fax: + 260 2 621030 / 230779 email: kenmul2000@yahoo.co.uk Ph#Office: + 260 1 251819 Ph#Res: + 260 95 901645 Fax: + 260 1 252339 email : doe@zamnet.zm Ph#Office: + 260 1 251819 Ph#Res: + 260 96 459277 Fax: email : doe@zamnet.zm Ph#Office: + 260 1 254491 Ph#Res: + 260 95 819453 Fax: + 260 1 252339 Email: dow@zamnet.zm Ph#Office: + 260 1 221208 221293 Ph#Res: + 260 97 773162 Fax: + 260 1 243396 email: zamengineering@yahoo.co.uk Ph#Office: + 260 1251711 236002 Fax: + 260 1 254049 Email: pedro.defigueiredo@sida.se Ph#Office: + 260 2 351152 Ph#Res: + 260 96 999972 Fax: +260 2 351246 email : peter.mpashi@kcm.co.zm Ph#Office: + 260 97 459973 Ph#Res: + 260 97 459973 email : energclfe@yahoo.com Ph#Office: email : thomaskamukwa@yahoo.com Ph#Office: + 260 1 254491 + 260 1 254686 Ph#Res: + 260 97 849575 Fax: + 260 1 252339 email : doe@zamnet.zm  Mr. Peter Mapshi Vice President 38 Mr. Simon Ziwa Chief Executive Officer Mr. Thomas Kamukwa Designer, Manufacturer and Suppler of Renewable Energy Prime Movers etc. Mr. W. Siwakwi Economist Department of Energy  39.  40.  41.  Ministry of Energy and Water Development P.O. Box 51254 Lusaka, Zambia  CORE International, Inc.  15  USAID Energy and Environment Training Partner    Energy Services Delivery in Zambia, Status and Opportunities for Enhancement in the Context of GVEP Task Order No. 3 ­ Private Sector Development, EETP IQC ­ Contract No. LAG-I-98-00010-00  Appendix C: DRAFT ­ INITIAL ACTION PLAN FOR GVEP ACTIVITIES IN ZAMBIA (Immediate and Mid-Term Milestones and Actions)  Area of GVEP Service 1. Action plan development Objective / Targets Development and approval of a National Action Plan to launch GVEP activities · Activities Identification and engagement of an exemplary institution with development expertise and access to stakeholders to serve as lead on national action plan development and project facilitation Conducting a preliminary baseline survey of the current actors and activities in the energy sector and the donor priorities. This will include gathering information on energy related activities set forth in the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper, the Transitional National Development Plan, Rural Electrification policy and other energy related plans that may already be in place or are under development in Zambia Establish the National GVEP Technical Secretariat (GVEP TS) housed at the DOE Synthesize information and develop a background paper that describes the status of past and current programs and priorities related to the GVEP objectives. This includes rural energy programs and priorities; policies; rural energy service delivery mechanisms; linkages between energy and rural poverty alleviation; barriers to the delivery of modern energy services; and on-going and planned donor activities Plan and develop a framework for national consultations to be conducted with a range of stakeholders drawn from health, education, agriculture, transport and enterprise sectors Responsible Institution DOE Expected Start / Completion Date Commenced early 2004  ·  DOE  Completed by end June, 2004  · ·  DOE DOE/GVEPTS  Established in June 2003 Completed by July, 2004  ·  DOE/GVEPTS  Completed by end July, 2004  CORE International, Inc.  16  USAID Energy and Environment Training Partner    Energy Services Delivery in Zambia, Status and Opportunities for Enhancement in the Context of GVEP Task Order No. 3 ­ Private Sector Development, EETP IQC ­ Contract No. LAG-I-98-00010-00  Area of GVEP Service  Objective / Targets ·  Activities Convene a multi-sectoral stakeholder dialogue on how the provision of modern energy services to non-energy sectors such as health, education, agriculture, transport, and enterprise could help reduce poverty and enhance development Gather and synthesize inputs from multi-sectoral stakeholder dialogue to develop a GVEP national action plan for energy and poverty reduction. GVEP WG to finalize the Draft Action Plan and submit it to the GRZ and donors for approval and support Commission a background paper that outlines the existing training tools on energy and development, with a particular focus on assessing the quality and relevance to GVEP services. Make recommendations on new training kits and tools that would be useful to develop for GVEP training activities Assess the need for establishing a local institution at the national level to take over the activities under  capacity building  service of the GVEP Identify the capacity development needs, priorities and ongoing activities in Zambia with GVEP facilitators and in-country partners Develop a strategy and timeline for a comprehensive GVEP training initiative that is linked to other services being provided by GVEP Solicit input and feedback from GVEP Technical Secretariat and partners on capacity development strategy and finalize output  Responsible Institution DOE/GVEPTS  Expected Start / Completion Date Completed by end August, 2004  ·  DOE/GVEPTS/ GVEPWG DOE/GVEPTS/G  VEPWG  Completed by end August, 2004 Completed by October, 2004 Completed by October, 2004  · 2.1 Capacity development Assessment of institutional capabilities and available training materials on rural energy and development, with a focus on crosssectoral approaches 2.2 Capacity development Broad-based agreement and commitment to a GVEP capacity development strategy that will help facilitate implementation at the national level Background study of existing training material, institutions and facilities ·  DOE/GVEPWG  ·  DOE/GVEP WG  Completed November 2004  · ·  GVEP TS / GVEP WG GVEP TS/ GVEP WG GVEPTS/ GVEP WG  Completed by November 2004. Completed by end, 2004 Completed by end 2004  GVEP capacity development strategy  ·  ·  DOE  Completed by end 2004  CORE International, Inc.  17  USAID Energy and Environment Training Partner    Energy Services Delivery in Zambia, Status and Opportunities for Enhancement in the Context of GVEP Task Order No. 3 ­ Private Sector Development, EETP IQC ­ Contract No. LAG-I-98-00010-00  Area of GVEP Service 2.3 Capacity development Strengthened capacity to implement the National Action Plan that will help create an enabling framework for rural energy development in Zambia 3.1 Financing Facilitation Increased awareness of financing tools and services that are currently available and appropriate for rural energy development 3.2: Financing Facilitation Enhanced understanding of possible approaches to consumer credit for rural energy development that would be applicable to Zambia  Objective / Targets Design parameters and list of priority topics for a GVEP training workshop in Zambia · · ·  Activities Design a workshop targeted at key issues and options for energy and poverty reduction Identify and contract institution from within the country to lead the training activity Identify speakers and participants that are drawn from government, NGOs, and the private sector Convene training, summarize the outcomes, and share finding via the National GVEP TS through GVEP knowledge gateway Inventory and evaluate existing financing facilitation tools and services, provided by private and public sector, with a focus on identifying entry points for energy entrepreneurs and consumers Share findings through the GVEP Knowledge gateway  Responsible Institution DOE/GVEP TS/GVEPWG DOE/GVEP TS/GVEPWG DOE/GVEP TS/ GVEPEG DOE/GVEP TS/ GVEPWG DOE/GVEPTS/ MFNP/ GVEPWG  Expected Start / Completion Date Begin by January, 2005 Completed by March, 2005. Completed by March, 2005 Start by April, 2005. Start by April, 2005  · ·  Inventory of tools and services to facilitate the development of energy enterprises  ·  DOE/GVEP TS/GVEPWG  Start by April, 2005  Analysis of potential consumer credit models that could be applicable to rural energy services delivery  ·  Commission a study, which reviews various approaches from the energy and non-energy sectors that are used to provide affordable credit to people living in rural areas Identify and contract institution to conduct study in coordination with GVEP partners Contract institution for editing and layout of publication, including printing of 2,000 copies Share findings through the GVEP Knowledge gateway  DOE/GVEPTS/ MFNP/ GVEPWG GVEPTS/GVEP WG GVEP TS  Start by May, 2005 Start by May, 2005 Completed by July, 2005. Start by June, 2005  · ·  ·  GVEP TS  CORE International, Inc.  18  USAID Energy and Environment Training Partner    Energy Services Delivery in Zambia, Status and Opportunities for Enhancement in the Context of GVEP Task Order No. 3 ­ Private Sector Development, EETP IQC ­ Contract No. LAG-I-98-00010-00  Area of GVEP Service 4.1 Knowledge Management Enhanced linkages and exchange of information to enhance the National Action Plan Implementation and improved information on development impacts of the included in project profiles  Objective / Targets Energy project profiles that reflect development impacts more explicitly. Energy project profiles included in GVEP database. Plan established for the development of thematic case studies publications Information on energy projects posted in the National GVEP TS website and linked on GVEP website ·  Activities Develop a systematic approach to query energy projects to gather relevant project information that will be integrated into project profiles Refine the approach to data collection, define data gaps, and assist with data gathering and input Facilitate enhancement of energy project profiles to capture development impacts at the local level including information on community involvement, financing mechanisms, role of women, livelihoods, barriers, and other issues relevant to partnership development with GVEP Develop project profiles in coordination with GVEP Technical Secretariat and incorporate project profiles in the GVEP website Establish systematic approach to gather information on Government/Donor energy projects Compile and synthesize information and put in a format that is compatible with the GVEP database Post information in the Zambian GVEP TS website and submit information to GVEP webmaster for inclusion in the GVEP worldwide website Provide follow-up monitoring of the website needs Identify efficient ways to share information Assist in providing substantive information on sustainable energy programs and projects Facilitate participation as needed in online discussion group related to GVEP  Responsible Institution DOE/GVEP TS/ /REA DOE/GVEP TS/ REA DOE/GVEP TS/ REA/  Expected Start / Completion Date Start by January, 2005 Completed by March, 2005 Start by March, 2005  · ·  ·  DOE/GVEP TS DOE/GVEP TS/ REA/ DOE/GVEP TS DOE/GVEP TS  Start by March, 2005. Start by March, 2005 Start by March, 2005 Start by March, 2005 Continuously Start by March, 2005 Start by March, 2005 Start by end 2004  4.2 Knowledge Management Increased awareness of energy projects at the country-level by a broad, multi-sectoral set of actors  · · ·  4.3 Knowledge Management Improved participation in information sharing and discussions  Participate in the GVEP network information sharing and discussion  · · · ·  DOE/GVEP TS  DOE/GVEP TS/ DOE/GVEP TS/ REA DOE/GVEP TS  CORE International, Inc.  19  USAID Energy and Environment Training Partner    Energy Services Delivery in Zambia, Status and Opportunities for Enhancement in the Context of GVEP Task Order No. 3 ­ Private Sector Development, EETP IQC ­ Contract No. LAG-I-98-00010-00  Area of GVEP Service 5.1: Monitoring and Evaluation Improved understanding of the various design options for a monitoring and evaluation framework  Objective / Targets Monitoring and evaluation framework for GVEP services ·  Activities Commission a desk study of methodologies that are being used to collect baseline data and the types of performance indicators that would be appropriate for GVEP activities. Identify and contract institution to conduct study in coordination with GVEP Technical Secretariat Share findings on status of partnership with GVEP partners Study results posted on GVEP website  Responsible Institution DOE/GVEPTS/  Expected Start / Completion Date Start by June 2005  · · ·  DOE/GVEPTS DOE/GVEPTS  Completed by June, 2005 Start by June, 2005 Start by June, 2005  GVEPTS  MFNP: Ministry of Finance and National Planning DOE: Department of Energy GVEP: Global Village Energy Partnership GVEP TS: GVEP Technical Secretariat GVEP WG: GVEP Working Group REA: Rural Electrification Authority  CORE International, Inc.  20  USAID Energy and Environment Training Partner    ",710);arrFiles[2]=new Array(3,"Georgia_MISEnergyStatistc Report.pdf","2005-04-18","Georgia_MISEnergyStatistc Report","","","Electricity Supply - 2004  GSE Data  800,000,000 700,000,000 600,000,000 500,000,000 400,000,000 300,000,000 200,000,000 100,000,000 0 September October November  Import- Armenia Import - Russia Total Thermal Total Hydro  Energy (kWh)    Electricity Consumption - 2004  GSE Data  800,000,000 700,000,000 600,000,000 Energy (kWh) 500,000,000 400,000,000 300,000,000 200,000,000 100,000,000 0 September October November  High Voltage Losses: Total Direct Customers: UDC Kakheti RAO Telasi Ajara Samachablo Abkhazia    Retail Cash Collections - 2004  16,000,000 14,000,000 12,000,000 10,000,000 8,000,000 6,000,000 4,000,000 2,000,000 0 August September October November December  Energy (kWh)  UDC Kakheti RAO Telasi Ajara Samachablo Abkhazia    Wholesale Collections - 2004  GWEM Data  8,000,000 7,000,000 6,000,000 5,000,000 4,000,000 3,000,000 2,000,000 1,000,000 0 August September October November  Energy (kWh)  UDC Kakheti RAO Telasi Ajara Samachablo Abkhazia    ",62);arrFiles[3]=new Array(4,"GVEPSupportSriLankaandZambia.pdf","2005-04-18","Draft_Final Report on GVEP Work in Zambia","","","GLOBAL VILLAGE ENERGY PARTNERSHIP (GVEP) SUPPORT TO SRI LANKA AND ZAMBIA  Submitted To: Nexant, Inc. Washington DC, 20005 And Office of Energy and Information Technology Economic Growth, Agriculture and Trade Bureau U.S. Agency for International Development Washington DC, 20523  Prepared By: CORE International, Inc. Washington DC, U.S.A.  February 22, 2005    Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Support to Sri Lanka and Zambia  TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Introduction II. Objectives III. Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Initiative in Sri Lanka A. Background B. Task 1: Support to the GVEP Working Group and Secretariat C. Task 2: Sri Lanka Multi-Stakeholders Technical Meeting D. Task 3: Support for a Public Participation and Public Awareness Strategy IV. Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Initiative in Zambia A. Background B. Task 1: Support to the GVEP Working Group and Secretariat C. Task 2: GVEP Policy Goals Definition D. Task 3: Renewable Resources Assessment Design E. Task 4: Electricity-Water Nexus and its Implications for GVEP F. Task 5: GVEP and the Rural Electrification Master Plan G. Task 6: Public Awareness Program Design V. Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Activities  ANNEXES ANNEX I: Blueprint for a Proposal for Funding the GVEP Working Group and Secretariat in Sri Lanka ANNEX II: List of Participants, Technical Consultation on Establishing the GVEP Working Group in Zambia and Planning for the National GVEP Action Plan, October 27, 2004 ANNEX III: GVEP Working Group Subcommittees: Activities and Membership, Zambia  CORE International, Inc. DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIPS  i    Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Support to Sri Lanka and Zambia  ANNEX IV: Initial Action Plan for GVEP Activities in Zambia ANNEX V: Preliminary Small Hydro Resource Assessment, Zambia ANNEX VI: Rural Poverty Reduction Paper, Zambia ANNEX VII: GVEP Energy and Poverty Reduction Public Awareness Campaign in Zambia  CORE International, Inc.  DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIPS  ii    Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Support to Sri Lanka and Zambia  I. Introduction The Global Village Energy Partnership Program (GVEP) was announced as one of 14 Presidential Initiatives announced at the Sustainable Development Summit in Johannesburg, South Africa in August 2003. The GVEP Program seeks to reduce poverty and enhance sustainable development through the accelerated provision of modern energy services to those unserved or underserved. This is made possible through a partnership of developing and industrialized country governments, international development agencies, donor organizations, private firms, consumers, NGOs and others committed to addressing energy-poverty. This document sets forth a Statement of Principles for partners to the Global Village Energy Partnership, including responsibilities, services and proposed activities.  Letter to H.E. Martin Brennan U.S.A. Ambassador in Zambia  ... Based on outstanding support from USAID [through CORE International, Inc.], we have made considerable progress on all fronts in advancing our energy sector agenda. In November 2003, Cabinet approved my Ministry \'s proposal for the establishment of a Rural Electrification Authority (REA); we have a functioning multi-sector Rural Electrification Working Group (REWG) that has been advising us on next steps for enhancing rural energy access in the country; we have had two workshops on the GVEP initiative facilitated by CORE International and are in the process of formalizing the establishment of a GVEP Working Group; and we have begun the process of revising our National Energy Policy to incorporate new developments since 1994 when the policy was enacted. We give USAID the credit for assisting us achieve milestones that have developed a strong momentum, which we now want to maintain.   Both Sri Lanka and Zambia are one of the first nations that joined GVEP at the World Summit on Sustainable Development held in Johannesburg, South Africa in August 2003. CORE International, Inc. has been supporting the GVEP activities in both countries under a USAID Program since 2003.  Sri Lanka: To move forward with its participation in GVEP, the Government of Sri Lanka has designated the Ministry of Power and Energy as its lead ministry for coordinating development of its H.E. George W. Mpombo, M.P, Minister initial rural development program Ministry of Energy and Water Development, Zambia April 28, 2004 under GVEP. In November, 2003 CORE International, Inc. initiated provision of assistance to the Ministry of Power and Energy to facilitate near-term actions to enhance Sri Lanka \'s process of active participation in GVEP. CORE \'s assistance included: (i) conducting a review and assessment of the current rural electrification (RE) and rural energy services (RES) setting and the role of various entities and institutions in adapting a multi-sector approach to rural development; (ii) initiating incountry consultation among all major RE/RES stakeholders at the national level, and assisting with the establishment of a multi-sector Rural Electrification Working Group as an initial stakeholder body to be eventually formalized as the GVEP Working Group; and (iii) providing assistance in the development of an initial action plan for enhancing its participation in the GVEP movement. CORE initiated its support to the Ministry of Power and Energy in Sri Lanka on October 30, 2003 through an initial strategy meeting with the Secretary of Power and Energy. Specific areas of activities included the following:  CORE International, Inc. DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIPS  1    Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Support to Sri Lanka and Zambia  · · ·  ·  · ·  Selection of the most appropriate rural development areas to be included in Sri Lanka \'s initial GVEP action plan. The composition and formation of the GVEP Sri Lanka Working Group to recommend to GOSL areas for selection. The importance of combining rural energy development in a truly multi-sector approach to rural poverty alleviation involving such non-energy sectors as the health, education, agriculture, transport, and enterprise sectors. The need to find appropriate and complementary ways to integrate new GVEP action plan components with the many ongoing rural energy development projects in Sri Lanka, particularly those of the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank. The need to develop a sound, efficient management structure for implementing the initial GVEP action plan and to estimate the management resources required. Defining the potential Letter to Mr. Gordon Weynand scale and required Energy Team Leader, EIT/EGAT Bureau, USAID level-of-effort of Sri Lanka \'s participation  ... I write to report to you about the positive assistance that we are receiving from USAID the programs that we are pursuing. With the in GVEP. assistance of funds provided by USAID [through the Private Sector  Development Task Order] and the facilitation of CORE International we  Zambia: CORE \'s work with have been able to among other things, achieve/get useful inputs in the the Zambian stakeholders in following:Identified critical issues in our rural electrification program and · the context of the GVEP how to address these issues · Designed a framework for establishing a Rural Electrification initiative began in May, 2003 Authority (REA) whose legal framework was adopted by our under another USAID Parliament in November, 2003 intervention ­ Support to the · Set in motion a wider consultative process for reviewing our National Energy Policy which we adopted in 1994 Rural Electrification Working · Gathered and got on board the support of many local Group (REWG) in Zambia. stakeholders for the Zambian Component of the Global Energy Since then, substantial Partnership progress has been made by · Preparation of the Increased Access to Energy Services Project on which we are collaborating with the World Bank. the REWG and the Department of Energy The purpose of writing this letter is to alert you of our need for further (DOE), namely: (i) the USAID support in completing the activities we have commenced. We REWG itself was are thinking of putting together a request for support covering the next 3 be acceptable to USAID, propose to established, (ii) a mid-term years. Should this International, which has so we proved very continue working with CORE far effective action plan for rural in providing this support to us. electrification and rural energy services was drafted, Yours Sincerely,  (iii) a report with rural energy Oscar Kalumiana policy and institutional Acting Director of Energy issues, options, and DepartmentEnergy and Water Development Ministry of recommendations was Zambia submitted to the Government March 31, 2004 of the Republic of Zambia (GRZ), (iv) the concept of an apex institution for rural electrification and other rural energy services was developed and presented to the GRZ, (v) a GVEP Secretariat was established and located within the DOE, (vi) a proposal for support in the framework of  CORE International, Inc. DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIPS  2    Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Support to Sri Lanka and Zambia  the GVEP was submitted to the GVEP Technical Secretariat in Washington D.C., and (vii) a solicitation for identifying other interested stakeholders in the GVEP-Zambia to-beestablished Working Group was made public by the DOE on behalf of the GRZ. CORE also assisted Zambia to support and facilitate the transition of the REWG to the Zambian GVEP National Working Group. CORE \'s specific assistance to Zambia included the following: · A review of the completed actions and identification of necessary activities for 2004, regarding Zambia \'s enhanced participation in the GVEP. · Facilitation of a GVEP Working Group one-day workshop and the formation of the Zambian GVEP Working Group, and potentially focusing on issues related to the role of this institution in the process of preparation of the new loan from the World Bank in the area of rural energy service delivery. · Furthering the finalization of a draft rural electrification policy for Zambia in the context of the upcoming Zambia \'s Growth and Poverty Reduction Strategy. · Assisting the Minister in appointing a Task Force to revisit Zambia \'s 10 year old National Energy Policy and making recommendations for policy reform with a specific focus on rural energy provision to Zambia \'s rural poor. II. Objectives In September of 2004, CORE \'s assistance to further Sri Lanka \'s and Zambia \'s participation in the GVEP Initiative was again requested through a subcontract with Nexant, Inc. under their Energy I IQC, Letter to Ms. Jacqueline E. Schafer Task Order 11. The primary objective Deputy Assistant Administrator, EGAT Bureau, USAID of this Task Order was to maintain the momentum that the two countries had  I wish to acknowledge with thanks receipt of the Report on developed in their progress with the Energy Services Delivery in Zambia: Status and Opportunities for Enhancement in the Context of GVEP. GVEP program with continued assistance from USAID. The focus of Kindly be informed that I am very impressed with the effort this Task Order was to provide support and assistance that the USAID had rendered to ensure that this important report is produced at a time when my to the GVEP Working Groups in Sri Ministry is scaling up efforts to enhance energy delivery Lanka and Zambia, both of which are in systems for the majority of the Zambians. I have been need of considerable technical informed that my officials had fruitful interaction with the Consultants, CORE International, Inc. whose input to this assistance and capacity building during process has been very rewarding. the start-up phase as well as during the developmental phase in order to I finally wish to inform you that the strategies that have been recommended and action plan developed will receive achieve the requisite level of full support of my office.  sustainability. In addition, the Task Order was to initiate the development Yours Sincerely,  of national GVEP Action Plans and George W. Mpobmo coordination with donors and private Minister investors, a fundamental initial mission Ministry of Energy and Water Development (MEWD) Zambia of the Secretariats and the GVEP July 28, 2004 Working Groups in both countries. A  CORE International, Inc.  DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIPS  3    Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Support to Sri Lanka and Zambia  key aspect of the GVEP Action Plan preparation is their integration with the countries \' Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP). Specific proposed activities in Sri Lanka and Zambia varied because of (i) differences in some GVEP planning requirements, (ii) existing levels of planning information, and (iii) local professional resources available to support the GVEP facilitation. Progress under each of the Tasks defined below is discussed in further detail throughout this report: Sri Lanka: Task 1: Support to the GVEP Working Group and Secretariat Task 2: Sri Lanka Multi-Stakeholders Technical Meeting Task 3: Support for a Public Participation and Public Awareness Strategy Zambia: Task 1: Support to the GVEP Working Group and Secretariat Task 2: GVEP Policy Goals Definition Task 3: Renewable Resources Assessment Design Task 4: Electricity-Water Nexus and its Implications for GVEP Task 5: GVEP and the Rural Electrification Master Plan Task 6: Public Awareness Program Design III. Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Initiative in Sri Lanka A. Background Nearly 90% of the poor in Sri Lanka reside in rural areas in the South and on tea and rubber estates in the Central region. Between 25% and 39% of the population can be classified as poor, depending on which of the various benchmarks of poverty are accepted. Commercial energy availability and consumption in Sri Lanka \'s rural regions are at levels associated with subsistence or otherwise low-productivity agriculture. This lack of available energy is a limiting factor for increased agricultural productivity and improved rural living standards. Agriculture, however, is central to Sri Lanka \'s economy. It employs some 35% of the country \'s workforce and accounts for around 20% of GDP. Raising agricultural productivity is, therefore, an important component of the Sri Lanka Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP). Accordingly, an important step in the development of a GVEP Action Plan for Sri Lanka will be to gain a better understanding of the impact of limited commercial energy supplies on agricultural productivity. Sri Lanka \'s total primary energy demand is met largely with biomass (which contributes 50% of supply) and petroleum (41%). Nearly 76% of demand for biomass (mainly from crop residues and home gardens) is used in households for cooking. The remaining 24% of demand for biomass is from industry, including the plantation industries. The share of petroleum in the energy mix is expected to grow in the future as (i) annual electricity demand is growing at around 7%, (ii) the country \'s remaining undeveloped hydropower resources are limited and, (iii) there is a growing demand for transport fuels. With the exceptions of biomass and hydropower, Sri Lanka is poorly endowed with  CORE International, Inc. DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIPS  4    Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Support to Sri Lanka and Zambia  primary energy resources and faces rising imports of commercial energy to realize economic growth. Sri Lanka \'s electricity grid reaches into most of the country \'s rural areas with the exception of the Northeast region, which suffers from the impact of the ongoing insurrection led by Tamil groups seeking independence. The existing rural electricity distribution system is of modern design and is reasonably well maintained and operated. Much of this infrastructure was developed over the past 25 years with grants and concessional loans from donor agencies. In the late 1990 \'s, however, the growing insurrection in the northeast, the resulting negative impact on economic growth, and the apparent inability of the government to address the issues led to a sharp withdrawal of international donor support. This situation was reversed following the 2001 election in which the United National Front (UNF) party gained a parliamentary majority. The UNF, which has advocated private-sector led growth in Sri Lanka, was also successful at signing a cease fire agreement with the Tamils. Since that time, international donor funding to grid extension projects has quickly resumed. Some of the key issues that Sri Lanka faces in its energy sector include: · Political instability including for example the recent dissolution of Parliament and the calling of snap elections · Lack of energy sector data necessary to understanding the requirements of GVEP efforts · Weaknesses in national RE efforts to date including a lack of pro-poor tariffs and a concurrent lack of focused subsidy implementation · Lack of education efforts geared toward rural consumers on income generating opportunities that follow from electricity access The Government of Sri Lanka (GOSL) has stated its intentions to restructure the power sector along commercial lines and to establish improved regulatory mechanisms over the next five years so as to attract investment in the sector. It also plans to establish a credible rural electrification and renewable energy policy to promote sustainable marketbased provision of rural energy services to reduce the need for larger grid investments. Currently planned projects are expected to provide power access to 285,000 new rural customers over the next five years. Sri Lanka was one of the first countries to join GVEP during the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg in August 2002. The GOSL designated the Ministry of Power and Energy as the key ministry for coordinating the development of its initial GVEP Action Plan. CORE International has been providing support to the GOSL in this effort, building on its GVEP technical support experience in Zambia. As a result of previous support provided to Sri Lanka by USAID through CORE, the country had achieved the following milestones: · · Initiation of the GVEP Action Plan development support to Sri Lanka through an initial strategy meeting with the then Secretary of the Ministry of Power and Energy, October 2003. Development of an extensive Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) that has been endorsed by the multilateral development banks and the IMF, and is part of  CORE International, Inc.  DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIPS  5    Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Support to Sri Lanka and Zambia  · · ·  GOSL \'s overall economic reform and development program titled  Regaining Sri Lanka . Implementation of an official GVEP Secretariat within the Ministry of Power and Energy (MP&E). An inaugural meeting of the Sri Lanka GVEP Working Group at the Ministry of Power and Energy on March 22, 2004. Facilitation of a Technical Consultation meeting among the Sri Lankan stakeholders on the Formalization of the GVEP Working Group and Planning for the National GVEP Action Plan on May 27, 2004, with representation of almost all stakeholder groups including government, the private sector, consumer groups, NGOs, academia, and donors. As a result of that consultation meeting, (i) recommendations were made for an operating modality for the Working Group for preparing an initial GVEP Action Plan, and (ii) initial areas of focus for the development of specific GVEP Action Plan projects were identified.  B. Task 1: Support to the GVEP Working Group and Secretariat As part of this task, the CORE team continued to provide its support to the GVEP Working Group (WG) in collaboration with our local partner, Energy Forum. One of the key issues expressed by the Government of Sri Lanka with respect to any formalization of a GVEP WG and a Secretariat was the amount of support the government could expect under the GVEP program from the donor community. The government is willing to formalize the process and hold a National Stakeholders \' Workshop if this activity is supported in some way by the international donor community through the GVEP program. The support provided by the CORE International-Energy Forum team to the Government of Sri Lanka included discussions on (i) operating structures of the WG and the Secretariat, (ii) mission and function of these organizations, (iii) modalities of stakeholder coordination, (iv) integration of GVEP program initiatives with other national initiatives, such as the National Energy Policy, Sri Lanka \'s Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper, and ongoing donor funded energy and other cross-sectoral programs, and (v) program financing and sustainability. Specifically, the CORE team provided assistance to the government in the development of a funding proposal for the start up of the GVEP WG and the Secretariat. During the past year, the Sri Lankan government has gone through a number of changes which have delayed the process of engagement of the government with the GVEP program. During discussions with the government, the responsibilities for the start up of the GVEP program were shifted to the Energy Conservation Fund (ECF), a separate entity established by the government and the Chairman of this Fund, former Secretary of Power, was designated as the GVEP Program Coordinator. The CORE team worked with the Chairman and staff of the ECF to bring them on board with respect to the next steps of the GVEP planning process. The CORE-Energy Forum team developed a funding proposal developed a funding proposal for the Energy Conservation Fund to submit to the GVEP Program in UK for financial support in order to formalize the functions of the GVEP Secretariat and implement an action plan  CORE International, Inc. DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIPS  6    Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Support to Sri Lanka and Zambia  involving the GVEP WG including the launch of the first National Stakeholder Workshop. Annex I includes a draft proposal which has been provided to the ECF. For a variety of institutional and procedural reasons, the process was not picked up as well as it should have been. Furthermore, with the tragic event of the tsunami disaster, many of the initiatives in the government have taken a back seat as the reconstruction of the country has become a top priority. CORE International, through its subcontractor Energy Forum, has provided support to the ECF in designing a funding proposal for the start up of the GVEP program which seems to be the greatest bottle neck and the main reason for somewhat slow progress by the government in this area. C. Task 2: Sri Lanka Multi-Stakeholders Technical Meeting Due to the shift of primary focus to Zambia, it was discussed an agreed upon by CORE and its counterparts in Sri Lanka, that in terms of reaching our goals it would not be the most effective to hold a Multi Stakeholder meeting at this stage, but rather facilitate a highly involved working session with the Board of Directors of Energy Forum, CORE \'s local partner in Colombo under its GVEP Task with USAID. CORE team representatives, Vinod Shrivastava, President and CEO, and Marika Robertson, Project Analyst, visited Colombo during the period November 13 ­ 16, 2004, where they were joined by experts from Energy Forum for the work session with the organization \'s Board of Directors, as well as a meeting with USAID and a meeting with Mr. Michael Warnakulasoorya, Chairman of the Energy Conservation Fund who has been designated as the GVEP Coordinator by the Government of Sri Lanka. A number of action items and conclusions were reached at these meetings. Among them the most important item was the need for a review of Sri Lanka \'s National Energy Policy and a stakeholder workshop to develop recommendations for the reform of the policy which is over 10 years old. CORE \'s local partner, Energy Forum has previously worked on the process for reforming Sri Lanka \'s national energy policy. A lot of intellectual capital was invested but there are no results to show, mainly, because of the political problems in the country. There appears to be a general consensus among various stakeholders to push for new legislation rather than amendments to reform existing policy. For example, many stakeholders feel that there ought to be a stand-alone Renewable Energy Act, given the potential of renewable energy in Sri Lanka. The process for making new laws in the country requires collecting a critical number of votes in the Parliament, which can be accomplished by selecting the right party to introduce the legislation. The Law making process has essentially been a top-down approach with little, if any, participation by stakeholders in a bottom-up approach. Best practices around the world confirm that energy policy reform is sustainable if it brings the civil society into the process. Objectives of the Proposed Stakeholder Workshop  CORE International, Inc. DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIPS  7    Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Support to Sri Lanka and Zambia  This concept paper is prepared to outline the need for a National Stakeholder Workshop dedicated to a review of Sri Lanka \'s national energy policy and make specific recommendations to the government for policy reform and new legislation as needed. It is proposed that a one-day stakeholder workshop be held to provide a forum for free discussion on a variety of topics in order to arrive at specific policy recommendations. The topics to be included in the proposed workshop may include the following: · · · · · · · Overall National Energy Policy and Strategy and areas where reform is needed Potential advisability of a separate legislation promulgating the country \'s national rural electrification policy including the role of renewable energy in such a policy Fiscal and financial policy interventions to accelerate the entry of private sector in rural electrification based on proven institutional, business, and financial models Role of provinces and the need for decentralization of rural electrification policy thereby permitting local communities to take a more active role in the provision of rural energy services Process of coordination of the roles of government, the private sector, and the consumer Potential approaches for communications and outreach and public participation in energy policy reform Opportunities for improving energy sector governance at all levels ­ government, service providers, and the regulators in order to serve the rural consumer better  Planning Process The planning process for the proposed stakeholder workshop will require the following steps: · · · · · Defining specific objectives to be achieved during the workshop Defining the stakeholders ­ government, private service providers, consumer groups, regulatory bodies, community organizations, NGOs, and other segments of the broader civil society Defining discussion items Approach to the facilitation of the workshop Defining the deliverables of the stakeholder workshop  Next Steps At the end of the Mission, the CORE Team recommended to USAID that the USAID Mission in Sri Lanka and the EGAT Bureau in USAID Washington jointly consider funding the proposed Stakeholder Workshop. CORE International has an active USAID Task Order ­ Advisory Assistance in Energy Sector Transformation (AASET) with a ceiling of  7.5 million. Dr. Kevin Warr, Governance Advisor at the EGAT Bureau in USAID, Washington is the CTO for this Task Order. It is recommended that Dr. Warr and officials from the USAID and USAEP Mission in Sri Lanka hold discussions to explore a joint sponsorship of the proposed national Stakeholder Workshop. This would be a major step in beginning the process of energy sector governance in Sri Lanka.  CORE International, Inc.  DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIPS  8    Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Support to Sri Lanka and Zambia  According to the Chairman of ECF, the Ministry of Power and Energy in Sri Lanka is psychologically ready to proceed in this direction. The government already has an interministerial committee for energy issues which could act as the nodal government group to cosponsor the proposed workshop. D. Task 3: Support for a Public Participation and Public Awareness Strategy Sri Lanka has made a significant progress in energizing its civil society sector and most of the government departments operate on the basis of both effective public communications and outreach as well as civil society participation in energy sector governance. The government planners appreciate the value of public participation and consumer awareness in relationship to launching a National GVEP Program. The civil society structure in Sri Lanka includes scores of NGOs, consumer groups, farmers \' groups, business associations, student groups, consumer watchdog groups, etc., all of whom are actively involved in dialogues with government departments and energy service providers on a regular basis. Therefore, there was not much provided by CORE in this area. IV. Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Initiative in Zambia A. Background Three-quarters of Zambia \'s population lives below the World Bank poverty threshold of  1 a day. Most of these people depend strongly on traditional fuels to meet their daily energy needs and access to affordable electricity and modern sources of energy remains a developmental challenge. Wood-fuel in the form of charcoal and firewood contributes 79% of total national energy consumption. Electricity makes up 10% of the mix (the majority of which is generated via hydropower, and the majority of which is consumed by the mining sector), petroleum products contribute 9% and coal is 2% of total consumption. While the average national electrification rate is roughly 20%, the rate of access in the rural regions is around the 2% level. Reliance on traditional energy sources (as opposed to conventional modern fuels) puts poor households in a disadvantaged situation as more money is spent for each unit of energy consumed. Some of the key issues that Zambia faces in its energy sector include: · Heavy reliance of rural populations on biomass for their energy needs. · Weak institutional arrangements and financing mechanisms originally intended to encourage rural energy provision. · Subsidization of power tariffs which has had the effect of discouraging investments particularly in rural areas. · Slow economic growth, which has diminished the ability of government to provide improved public services including RE. The Zambian government has shown a strong commitment to its participation in the GVEP initiative. Its Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) makes improved access to modern energy services a key priority, and this was a key consideration for Zambia \'s  CORE International, Inc.  DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIPS  9    Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Support to Sri Lanka and Zambia  inclusion in the GVEP initiative. Through its Ministry of Energy and Water Development (MEWD) Zambia joined GVEP in February 2002, and in June 2003 the Zambia National GVEP Secretariat was established at the Department of Energy (DOE). The Zambian Secretariat has worked to recruit domestic stakeholders interested in collaborating in energy/poverty issues in Zambia through the GVEP framework. The Secretariat has since requested funds from the GVEP Technical Secretariat in Washington D.C. for support of a national consultative process to develop a GVEP Action Plan. The Action Plan would form the basis for potential funding requests for targeted GVEP interventions to enhance the use of modern energy services for poverty reduction. Enhancing energy services to support poverty alleviation and development is one of the highest priorities of the Zambian government. A lack of financial resources, however, is a major obstacle to accessing alternative energy sources. By helping to mobilize capital, the GVEP initiative can lend support to improvements in social services and the expansion of local economic opportunities in the rural and peri-urban areas of Zambia. Toward this goal the government plans to: · · · ·  ·  Formalize and institutionalize participation in GVEP by facilitating the creation of organizational structures, and coordinate at the national level with local partners throughout the country. Facilitate and help organize stakeholder meetings and initiate in-country consultations amongst stakeholders on GVEP Integrate GVEP in the country policy framework, especially the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) and the plan for rural electrification. Develop an actionable GVEP Plan that could be presented to donors and other stakeholders for follow up support.  B. Task 1: Support to the GVEP Working Group and Secretariat GVEP Working Group Operating Modality (Working, Monitoring, and Reporting Procedures) On October 27, 2004 a National GVEP Working Group (WG) Technical Consultation (TC) meeting took place in Lusaka, Zambia. This consultation was conducted under the leadership of the Department of Energy (DOE) at the Ministry of Energy and Water Development (MEWD). Mr. Oscar Kalumiana, Director at the Department of Energy (DOE); and Mr. Matthew Addison and Mr. Dinesh Wahi, from CORE International, were the TC facilitators. A total of 35 stakeholder representatives participated in the TC, representing participants from earlier meetings and new stakeholders (a complete list of stakeholder participants is enclosed as Annex II to this report). Representation in this technical consultation covered almost all GVEP stakeholder groups including government  CORE International, Inc.  DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIPS  10    Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Support to Sri Lanka and Zambia  agencies, private sector, consumer groups, NGOs and academia, energy sector regulator, and various donor representatives1. The Honorable Alex Musanya, Deputy Minister of the Ministry of Energy and Water Development (MEWD), opened the meeting, thanked the participants and invited them to openly discussion Zambia \'s participation in the GVEP. He also expressed MEWD \'s deep appreciation to USAID for providing timely and strategic assistance by mobilizing CORE International to support the facilitation of GVEP related activities in Zambia. The complete speech of Minister Musanya is enclosed in the Annex C. Among the key issues focused on in the discussions, were · · the composition of Zambia GVEP Working Group and Subcommittees, and the WG Subcommittees \' Activities and Membership.  The TC participants were very active and there was considerable discussion among them on the issues listed above. Many participants made valuable contributions during the discussions. The audience split into four groups representing each of the four proposed subcommittees of the GVEP Working Group. Their purpose was to (a) review and recommend changes to the TORs for the GVEP WG; (b) propose members of the GVEP WG; (c) review and recommend changes to the TORs for the GVEP WG subcommittees; (d) propose members from the GVEP WG for the subcommittees; and (e) review and recommend the National Action Plan. Each group approached the work from differing points of view and this added to the richness of the experience and the output. There were several important outcomes of this exercise. 1. There was some disagreement over whether the appropriate Ministry was Local Government and Housing or Community Development and Social Services. This needs to be clarified by reviewing the role of both agencies to determine the most relevant and, if appropriate, to include both. 2. It was noted that when the committee was first proposed that the REA was not in existence. Now, with its constitution, it is important to include the REA as a member of the GVEP WG. 3. Where earlier an individual had been proposed to be a member of GVEP, it was recommended in certain cases that the attendance be from a diversified body on a rotational basis. It was suggested that this would serve to acquaint a larger group with GVEP and extend GVEP influence. GVEP would also benefit from broader representation. For example, it was proposed that instead of a single donor, that the Donor Forum be represented on a rotational basis. It was recommended that the Bankers Association serve for the financial institution, the  The representatives of the Swedish Embassy, and German Embassy participated in the in-country GVEP Technical Consultation.  CORE International, Inc. DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIPS  1  11    Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Support to Sri Lanka and Zambia  Zambia Association of Chambers of Commerce and Industry (ZACCI) serve as the large industry representative, and the ZACCI Small and Medium Business Association (SMBA) as a small business representative, differing colleges of the University of Zambia and a Donors \' forum all be members on a rotational basis. 4. Proposed membership of the subcommittees (Detailed suggestions are enclosed in Annex III: GVEP Working Group Subcommittees: Activities and Membership). Organization MEWD MoF MoE MoH MoA&C MLG&H M CD&SS* Financial Institution Large Industry SME ERB REA* NGO 1 NGO 2 University Donor CAZ 1 CAZ 2 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Policy X X Finance X X X X Technical X Outreach X  5. All the focus groups in one way or another identified the ability to pay as the main challenge facing rural electrification and, therefore, finding ways of addressing this as a key TOR for GVEP WG subcommittee. For the technical subcommittee, this could mean a focus on low cost technologies and identification of replicable productive uses. For the policy committee, this could mean focusing on policies that provide incentives to developing low cost technology or remove obstacles to technology development and manufacture. For the finance and private sector committee, this could mean developing appropriate public private partnership business models. For the Outreach and Information subcommittee, it could mean better promotion of opportunities for investors or sharing of successful productive use case studies with other rural areas. Finally, for all subcommittees this should mean focusing on the identifying and enhancing the productive uses of energy.  CORE International, Inc. DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIPS  12    Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Support to Sri Lanka and Zambia  At the end of the TC, relevant to the GVEP WG operating modality, the stakeholders resolved the following: · Addition of the REA to the GVEP Working Group (WG) · Agreement on the TORs for the GVEP WG · Agreement on the composition of the GVEP WG subcommittees · Agreement on the TORs for the GVEP WG Subcommittees GVEP Action Plan Blue Print As another important subject of the October 27, 2004 National GVEP WG Technical Consultation, the stakeholder representatives discussed the major elements of the GVEP National Action Plan. As a result, several important suggestions were made, such as: 1. Several stakeholders rightly pointed out that GVEP must not be exclusively about electricity but rather about energy. There is a transition among fuels that is established by economics and GVEP and the GRZ programs must look at this. 2. The key to expanding rural energy access is to (GVEP) focus on creating demand or on promoting productive activities. The example was given of communities that sought out activities and other development assistance that would enhance community economic development and thereby create the demand, and ability to pay for electricity. This was one side of the issue. Others stressed that without adequate renewable resource assessments, such as wind maps and hydrological data, private investment would not be forthcoming. The agreed key elements in the Action Plan are reflected in Annex IV: Initial Action Plan for GVEP Activities in Zambia. C. Task 2: GVEP Policy Goals Definition Coordination of GVEP Goals with the Government of Zambia \'s Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper The National GVEP WG Technical Consultation meeting on October 27, 2004 also facilitated discussions on integrating the GVEP Initiative in the country with the Government of Zambia \'s Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper. The discussion on the importance of aligning GVEP with the PRSP resulted in a number of recommendations and an agreement on a way forward: 1. There is recognition of the role of energy in reducing poverty throughout the Zambian PRSP. Some of the sectors explicitly recognize the need to develop and supply energy inputs to the sector. For example, agriculture identifies  provide electricity in high potential areas  and  construct and rehabilitate rural dams and irrigation facilities  as key activities. The industrial sector recognizes the need to  encourage the rehabilitation and expansion of energy...  for investment promotion and in rural industrialization  facilitating the provision of  CORE International, Inc.  DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIPS  13    Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Support to Sri Lanka and Zambia  appropriate energy sources for small and medium-scale entrepreneurs, especially rural-based ones . 2. Recognizing that the PRSP and the programs that flow from it are dynamic, two key ways of mainstreaming GVEP and coordinating it with the PRSP were identified: a. The first idea is to include the head of the Ministry of Finance \'s Sector Advisory Group as the MoF representative on the committee. The Sector Advisory Group is one of the main PRSP bodies. This would insure a twoway flow of information on an ongoing basis and thereby keep the PRSP and GVEP current of each other \'s activities. b. The second idea is that through the pursuit of economic or productive uses of energy and their successful implementation, GVEP will be in the vanguard of rural poverty reduction. By implementing the first idea, the lessons learned from the second will flow into PRSP. It has the potential to become a self-reinforcing mechanism. 3. The Energy Sector Advisory Group of the PRSP should be strengthened and also made a part of the GVEP WG. 4. Another recommendation was to include as GVEP WG members those persons in each ministry who are responsible for the PRSP. This would ensure a two flow of information from the both groups. Monitoring Procedures for Meeting GVEP Policy Goals As part of the GVEP Blueprint, the CORE team assisted the GVEP Secretariat and the GVEP WG in Zambia in developing procedures for integrating the GVEP policy goals with other national policy objectives including the government \'s National Energy Policy and the National Rural Electrification Program. Specifically, the CORE team developed the following benchmarks for monitoring the progress of the GVEP policy objectives: · · · · Number of individual households with access to electricity either through the grid or through stand alone systems as a result of GVEP initiatives. Any observed changes in income generation in rural households as a result of improved and new electricity services. Cross-sectoral impacts of energy availability to the rural population, such as better infrastructure, improved healthcare, improved irrigation and drinking water services, improved small industries development, etc. Improved sector governance procedures such as entry of small scale service providers in the energy markets, more affordable tariffs, and better civil society participation in national energy sector policy making.  These and other monitoring benchmarks were included in their GVEP plan by the GVEP Secretariat within the Ministry of Energy and Water Development (MEWD). They were also included as part of their proposal to the GVEP Secretariat in UK, which has since been funded.  CORE International, Inc.  DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIPS  14    Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Support to Sri Lanka and Zambia  Criteria for Prioritizing GVEP Policy Goals Through several iterations with the members of the GVEP WG, the process for prioritizing GVEP policy goals was developed and included in the Zambia GVEP blueprint. This process is currently underway as part of the ongoing GVEP work, being led by the GVEP Secretariat under funding from the GVEP program in UK. D. Task 3: Renewable Resources Assessment Design Assistance for the Development of a National Small Scale Hydropower Resources Assessment Program As per the Task Order requirements, CORE provided assistance for the development of a National Small Scale Hydropower Resources Assessment Program. A preliminary Small Hydro Resource Assessment is enclosed with this report as Annex V. E. Task 4: Electricity-Water Nexus and its Implications for GVEP As part of the overall policy objectives of GVEP program in Zambia, an important element included the ability with which energy provision under the GVEP program could spur the availability of water and irrigation for agricultural production. Currently in Zambia, the farming community uses both energy and water for irrigation inefficiently. Routinely, the farmers use higher specification irrigation pumps to pump water in order to counteract the poor quality and reliability of electricity. At the same time, the farmers continue to pump water whenever they can and store it in improper and leaking wells which are not covered, thereby pumping more water than they need and wasting it. Therefore, energy service delivery programs in the rural sector in many countries are focusing on the water-energy nexus in order to ensure that both energy and water are used efficiently. To this extent, given that Zambia is an agricultural economy and has a sizable need of irrigation systems, the GVEP program should integrate the overall water sector policy objectives of the government in addition to the provision of rural energy. This issue was discussed in substantial detail with the GVEP Secretariat and WG in numerous sessions, which also included analysis of water-energy nexus case studies in several countries. Currently, the GVEP Secretariat is incorporating the electricity-water nexus implications into its GVEP Action Plan being finalized under funding from the GVEP program in UK.  F. Task 5: GVEP and the Rural Electrification Master Plan Review of the Rural Electrification Plan CORE International has been coordinating its work with both the World Bank and the Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA). Our coordination with the World  CORE International, Inc. DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIPS  15    Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Support to Sri Lanka and Zambia  Bank has included specific recommendations to the World Bank on the structure of both the National Rural Electrification Agency, and the National Rural Electrification Fund. Key aspects of our recommendations have been included by the World Bank as part of conditionalities in its Integrated Access to Energy Services (IAES) loan currently being prepared. Our coordination with SIDA has focused on SIDA providing funding for the development for a National Rural Electrification Plan for Zambia. For over two years, SIDA and the Government of Zambia have been in discussions for SIDA to finance the development of a Rural Electrification Master Plan. In December 2004, SIDA agreed to fund the development of the Rural Electrification Master Plan. The Ministry of Energy and Water Development, and the newly established Rural Electrification Agency have issued a tender for a selection of consultants to develop a Master Plan. The tender evaluation process is underway and it is expected that a consultant will be on board to undertake this activity, which also include the design and development of a number of pilot projects. A considerable amount of work done by CORE in Zambia led to a more sound basis for the assistance provided by SIDA to the Government of Zambia. Suggested Rural Poverty Reduction Interventions Following up on the October 27, 2004 National GVEP WG Technical Consultation, a second mission went to Zambia in early December. The team members, Matthew Addison, Vice President and Director of Programs, and Victoria Racz, Project Analyst met with key stakeholders including the newly formed Rural Electrification Authority and to finalize the Rural Poverty Reduction Intervention Paper. A complete Rural Poverty Reduction Intervention Paper, developed by CORE is enclosed as Annex VI to this report. G. Task 6: Public Awareness Program Design Design, Implementation and Monitoring of the GVEP Energy and Poverty Reduction Public Awareness Campaign As a contractual requirement, CORE designed a GVEP Energy and Poverty Reduction Public Awareness Campaign, enclosed as Annex VII to this report. V. Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Activities Based on CORE \'s analysis of the current situation in the energy sector of Sri Lanka, the country \'s commitment to become further involved with GVEP, and discussions held with the Sri Lanka energy sector stakeholders, the following actions are recommended for consideration: · A key aspect of the GVEP Action Plan preparation is their integration with the countries \' Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP). For Sri Lanka, this will require the development of new rural (and possibly peri-urban)  consumer  data and considerable analysis to allow clear understanding of the real linkages between commercial energy supply enhancement on the one hand, and crosssector benefits on the other hand. These include rural income generation and  DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIPS  CORE International, Inc.  16    Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Support to Sri Lanka and Zambia  improvements in agricultural production, health care services, education, infrastructure, and trade. · There is a consensus among the energy sector stakeholder representatives that there is a dire need for review of the Sri Lanka \'s National Energy Policy and a stakeholder workshop to develop recommendations for the reform of the policy which is over 10 years old. Due to political problems that have constrained the implementation of amendments to reform the existing energy policy, there is a general support among the stakeholders to focus future efforts on realizing the potential success of new legislation instead. For example, many representatives feel that there ought to be a stand-alone Renewable Energy Act, given the potential of renewable energy in Sri Lanka. This could be achieved by introducing a bottomup approach with the involvement of the civil society and its influence on the party representatives in the parliament to collect a required number of votes. The ECF should finalize and submit its funding proposal to the GVEP Secretariat in UK in order to secure funding that would help in formalizing the working of the GVEP Secretariat and the Working Group in Sri Lanka and pave the way for launching the first National GVEP Workshop in the country.  ·  ·  With respect to the continuation of GVEP activities in Zambia, our conclusions and recommendations are as follows: · Zambia is considerably ahead of Sri Lanka in its GVEP planning process. The MEWD has already formally established a functioning GVEP Secretariat and an operational GVEP Working Group, composed of stakeholders from different segments of the society. There have been several workshops and individual working groups have been formulated within the overall GVEP WG to address different aspects of GVEP program objectives. Institutionally, the government has taken major steps that support and accelerate the GVEP planning process. These include (i) the establishment of a Rural Electrification Agency, (ii) restructuring of the National Rural Electrification Fund, (iii) successful conclusion of its dialogue with SIDA to secure funding for the preparation for the National Rural Electrification Master Plan, (iv) establishment of a Task Force for a revision of the National Energy Policy, (v) articulation of a National Rural Electrification Policy within the overall National Energy Policy, and (vi) integration of the GVEP initiative with Zambia \'s Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper. Now that Zambia has received funding for operationalization of its GVEP program, it is recommended that the GVEP Secretariat in Zambia should finalize its GVEP Action Plan including the identification priority projects, financing requirements, and implementation schedule. In addition, the government should  ·  ·  CORE International, Inc.  DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIPS  17    Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Support to Sri Lanka and Zambia  schedule and implement the launch of a National GVEP Workshop as soon as possible in collaboration with the GVEP Secretariat in UK.  CORE International, Inc.  DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIPS  18    Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Support to Sri Lanka and Zambia  ANNEX I: BLUEPRINT FOR A PROPOSAL FOR FUNDING THE GVEP WORKING GROUP AND SECRETARIAT IN SRI LANKA  CORE International, Inc.  DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIPS    Energy Conservation Fund Government of Sri Lanka  Draft Proposal Funding for National GVEP Action Plan Development  Submitted to GVEP Secretariat Surrey, England  Submitted by Chairman Energy Conservation Fund Colombo, Sri Lanka  February ___, 2005    Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Support to Sri Lanka and Zambia  GLOBAL VILLAGE ENERGY PARTNERSHIP PROPOSAL FOR SUPPORT TO THE SRI LANKA NATIONAL GVEP ACTION PLAN DEVELOPMENT  1.  Background  Sri Lanka was one of the first countries to join GVEP during the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg in August 2002. The GOSL designated the Ministry of Power and Energy as the key ministry for coordinating the development of its initial GVEP Action Plan. As a result of previous support provided to Sri Lanka, the country has achieved the following milestones: · · Initiation of the GVEP Action Plan development support to Sri Lanka through an initial strategy meeting with the then Secretary of the Ministry of Power and Energy, October 2003. Development of an extensive Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) that has been endorsed by the multilateral development banks and the IMF, and is part of GOSL \'s overall economic reform and development program titled  Regaining Sri Lanka . Implementation of an official GVEP Secretariat within the Ministry of Power and Energy (MP&E). An inaugural meeting of the Sri Lanka GVEP Working Group at the Ministry of Power and Energy on March 22, 2004. Facilitation of a Technical Consultation meeting among the Sri Lankan stakeholders on the Formalization of the GVEP Working Group and Planning for the National GVEP Action Plan on May 27, 2004, with representation of almost all stakeholder groups including government, the private sector, consumer groups, NGOs, academia, and donors. As a result of that consultation meeting, (i) recommendations were made for an operating modality for the Working Group for preparing an initial GVEP Action Plan, and (ii) initial areas of focus for the development of specific GVEP Action Plan projects were identified.  · · ·  In October 2002, the Energy Sector Assistance Management Program (ESMAP) organized a workshop entitled: How Can Modern Energy Services Contribute to Poverty Reduction? At this workshop, the GVEP member countries were encouraged to identify key areas that would form the basis for the development of individual country National GVEP Action Plans with poverty reduction at the centre of the overall national objectives. The identified action areas appear in Appendix 1. 2. Objectives  The objectives of this project are as follows:  CORE International, Inc.  DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIPS  1    Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Support to Sri Lanka and Zambia  (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) 3.  Formalize and operationalize the Sri Lanka GVEP Secretariat and the GVEP Working Group Hold national consultations regarding Sri Lanka \'s role in meeting GVEP objectives Identify and prioritize projects/activities in the Agriculture, Education, Health, Water, Communication and SMEs sectors Seek funds for the implementation of the identified projects through the GVEP window Activities & Deliverables  The project will comprise activities that support a GVEP Action Plan development process for GVEP activities in Sri Lanka. Given that the role of energy in poverty reduction is not well understood and also that there has to be a paradigm shift from a sectoral perspective to multi-sectoral approach to poverty reduction projects, there is need to raise awareness among stakeholders on these matters. Once awareness has been raised, stakeholders will be consulted to identify activities that will constitute a GVEP Action Plan for Sri Lanka over a 10-year period. Briefly, the table below provides a summary of the activities that will be needed as part of the GVEP Action Plan development and national consultation with stakeholders: Activity Activity Detail Description Stakeholder One National Stakeholders Consultation Consultative Workshop Activity Deliverable(s) Workshop report containing prioritized projects for implementation in the following sectors: Agriculture Education, Health, Water, SMEs and Tele-communication National Action Plan Report  National Action Plan  Detailed National Action Plan for operationalizing GVEP supported activities in Sri Lanka over the next 10 years  4.  Management Arrangement  The Sri Lanka National GVEP Secretariat will manage the project in conjunction with the Energy Conservation Fund, established within the Ministry of Energy and Power, which is currently supporting ECF with office space, technical staff and communication facilities. The GVEP Secretariat will closely work with the GVEP Working Group. The GVEP Working Group will be divided into several Sub-Working Groups to take lead in specific areas such as data collection and research, project development, customer  CORE International, Inc.  DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIPS  2    Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Support to Sri Lanka and Zambia  surveys, project analysis and prioritization, coordination with other parts of the Government and various donors, and the overall stakeholder engagement. Appendix 2 includes a list of the Sri Lanka Rural Electrification Working Group which would be rolled into a GVEP Working Group. 5. Time Table, Budget and Financial plan  This project will run for a period of twelve (12 months) from March, 2005 to October, February 2006. The expected financial support from GVEP is US  83,116. Appendix 3 provides a schedule of activities over the 12 month period. Appendix 4 includes details of our proposed budget. 6. Reporting  The GVEP Secretariat located within the offices of the Energy Conservation Fund will be responsible for the execution of this initiative. The following reports will be submitted to the GVEP Secretariat in Surrey, England. · First Report will be submitted within sixty days of the receipt of funding. This report will include the following: First National Stakeholder Workshop meeting minutes, with preliminary project identification and indicative work plan Progress on collection of baseline data Financial statement · · Quarterly Progress Reports will be submitted every three months after the start of the program A Final Report will be submitted at the end of 12 months from the start of the project. The Final Report will include the following: Prioritized projects for implementation in all the key sectors National 10-year GVEP Action Plan Proposal for continued GVEP support to the Sri Lanka National GVEP Secretariat  CORE International, Inc.  DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIPS  3    Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Support to Sri Lanka and Zambia  Appendix 1: Priority Action Areas identified in October, 2002 (a) Consultation Process To assess individual country capacity to implement a multi-sectoral approach to energy provision Paradigm shift ­ new approach to integrate energy interventions across sectors Review current rural electrification program Draw a Rural Electrification Master Plan  b) Target Sectors  Agriculture o Small scale Irrigation o Value adding agricultural processing Health o Solar electrification for remote rural health centers o Grid extension to health centers near supply Education o Solar electrification for remote rural schools o Grid extension to schools near supply SMEs o Modern Energy for non-farming enterprises o Water o Resource development o Delivery modes o Water, sanitation, health education Cross cutting issues o Best practices on energy use & provision o Equitable energy provision o Utilization of energy in diagnostic services/laboratory services towards prevention and treatment of HIV/AIDS related diseases Environment mitigation through appropriate use of energy resources (e.g. biomass)  CORE International, Inc.  DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIPS  4    Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Support to Sri Lanka and Zambia  Appendix 2: Sri Lanka Rural Electrification Working Group  1. Mr. P Weerahannadhi The Secretary Ministry of Power & Energy No.80, Sir Ernest De Silva Mawatha Colombo 07 2. Mr. W.B.Dissanayake Ministry of Power & Energy No.80, Sir Ernest De Silva Mawatha Colombo 07 3. Mr.M.A.Warnakulasooriya Chairman Energy Conservation Fund 3 G-17,BMICH Baudhaloka Mawatha Colombo 07 4. Ms. S. Wijebandara Add. Secretary Ministry of Rural Economic Development & Small industries No.780, Maradana Road Colombo 10 5. Prof. Priyantha Wijethunga Public Utility Commission of Sri Lanka 6th Floor, Merchant Tower Colombo 6. Mr.Bandusena National Planning Department Ministry of Finance General Treasury Colombo 01 7. Mr. Jayantha Nagendran Director/ Administrative Unit RERED Project Co. DFCC Bank 73/5,Galle Road Colombo 03 8. Secretary, Chief Ministry Sabaragamuwa Provincial Council New Town Rathnapura 9. Mr. T.Thawasalingam  CORE International, Inc. DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIPS  Deputy Secretary North East Province Infrastructure Development Inner Harbor Road Trincomalee 10. Mr. Lalith Guneratne Energy Forum No.247,Polhengoda Road Kirulopana Colombo 05 11. Mr. Asoka Abeygunawarredana Energy Forum No.247, Polhengoda Road Kirulopana Colombo 05 12. Mr. Anura Widanagamage 7. Dept. Director Industrial Services Bureau 141, Kandy Road Kurunegala 13. Mr. Chandraratne D. Vithanege Chamber of Commerce No.450, D.R.Wijewardana Mawatha Colombo 10 14. Mr. Salman Halwathura NGO Secretariat National Secretariat Non Governmental Organisation 5th Floor, Sethsiripaya Bathtaramulla 15. Mr. Neil Fernando Asst. Director (Planning) District Secretary Secretary Office Moneragala District 16. Mr.Harsha Wickramasinghe Director ( Projects ) Energy Conservation Fund 3 G-17,BMICH Baudhaloka Mawatha Colombo 07  5    Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Support to Sri Lanka and Zambia  17. Mr. A. B. Ariyaratne General Manager Sabaragamuwa Development Bank No.28 Bandaranayaka Mawatha Rathnapura 18. Dr.Carrol Becker Mission Director USAID No.44, Galle Road Colombo 03 19. Dr.V.U.Ratnayake General Manager / Energy Conservation Fund 3G ­ 17, BMICH Bauddhaloka Mawatha Colombo 07. 20. Dr.Ananda Mallawatantri Director / US-Asia Environment Partnership Programme USAID No.44, Galle Road Colombo 03 21. Prof.Anoja Wickramaratne University of Peradeniya Peradeniya  22. Ms Darshani de Silva Environmental Analyst UNDP Colombo 07. 23. Mr. Pathmasiri Director (Energy Management) Energy Conservation Fund 3G ­ 17, BMICH Bauddhaloka Mawatha Colombo 07. 24. Mr. T Jayawardane Director/ Oil Exploration Project Min. Power & Energy No.80, Sir Ernest De Silva Mawatha Colombo 07 25. Mr. Bandula Chandrasekara Energy Forum No.247, Polhengoda Road Kirulopana Colombo 05 26. Mrs. Wathsala Herath Energy Forum No.247,Polhengoda Road Kirulopana Colombo 05  CORE International, Inc.  DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIPS  2    Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Support to Sri Lanka and Zambia  Appendix 3: Proposed Work Plan Sri Lanka GVEP Action Plan Development Funding Proposal  Activity Newspaper adverts TV Discussions National GVEP Partners \' meetings National Stakeholders Workshop Collection of Baseline Data Meetings with the GVEP Working Group GVEP Sri Lanka Home Page Development and Updating Drafting the National GVEP Action Plan Presentation of the National Action Plan to the Stakeholder Community Finalization of the National GVEP Action Plan X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Mar X X X Apr X X X May June X X X X X X X X X 2005 July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec 2006 J an Feb  CORE International, Inc.  DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIPS  2    Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Support to Sri Lanka and Zambia  Appendix 4: Proposed Budget (To be Finalized by the ECF) Sri Lanka GVEP Action Plan Development Funding Proposal  Activity Mobilization and Office Set up Provision of Technical staff GVEP Coordinator GVEP Project Officer Newspaper Advertisements TV Discussions National Stakeholders Workshop GVEP National Partners, Meetings Collection of Baseline Data Consultation with the Rural Electrification Working Group Secretariat Computers Secretariat Printer GVEP Sri Lanka Home Page Internet Connection Drafting and Finalizing the National GVEP Action Plan Total Contingency GRAND TOTAL 10% 2 2 1 1 12 Months 2,000 1,500 1,000 2,000 30 12 Months 12 Months 3 3 1 6  1,500  1,000  400 1,000 6,000 1,000  18,000  12,000  1,200  3,000  6,000  6,000  15,000  4,000  3,000  1,000  2,000  360  4,000  75.560  7,556 83,116 GVEP Secretariat, U.K. GVEP Secretariat, U.K. GVEP Secretariat, U.K. GVEP Secretariat, U.K. GVEP Secretariat, U.K. GVEP Secretariat, U.K. GVEP Secretariat, U.K. GVEP Secretariat, U.K. GVEP Secretariat, U.K. GVEP Secretariat, U.K. GVEP Secretariat, U.K. GVEP Secretariat, U.K. GVEP Secretariat, U.K. GVEP Secretariat, U.K. GVEP Secretariat, U.K. GVEP Secretariat, U.K. Number 12 Months Unit cost  400 Total Cost In kind Source of funds Energy Conservation Fund Government of Sri Lanka  CORE International, Inc.  DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIPS  3    Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Support to Sri Lanka and Zambia  ANNEX II: LIST OF PARTICIPANTS  Technical Consultation Establishing the GVEP Working Group in Zambia and Planning for the National GVEP Action Plan  Intercontinental Hotel, Lusaka, Zambia List of Participants ZAMBIA GVEP ­ WORKING GROUP TECHNICAL CONSULTATION MEETING Lusaka ­ Zambia: October 27, 2004  Name & Designation Aggrey Siuluta Energy Informatics Officer Organization, Address Department of Energy Ministry of Energy and Water Development P.O. Box 51254 Lusaka, Zambia Association of Manufactures of Energy (FUEL) Efficient Cook stoves Envirocare International Ltd Factory # 9 SEDB Industrial Estate, Lusaka P.O. Box 37237 Lusaka, Zambia Health Policy Directorate Ministry of Health Ndeke House P.O. Box 30205 Lusaka, Zambia Planning and Information Ministry of Energy and Water Development P.O. Box 36079 Lusaka, Zambia 5 PM Radio 9th Floor, Foffi House Lusaka, Zambia Department of Energy Ministry of Energy and Water Development Fairley Road P.O. Box 51254 Lusaka, Zambia Ph#Office:/ Ph#Res:/Fax: email: Ph# Office: +260 01 254491 Ph# Res Mobile: + 260 96 750639 Fax: + 260 01 252339 email: doe@zamnet.zm Ph#Office: + 260 1 272118 Ph#Res: Fax: + 260 1 235507 Mobile: + 260 97 773784 email: caregroupzm@yahoo.co.u k Ph#Office: + 260 1 254067 Ph#Res: + 260 97 607311 Fax: + 260 1 253344 Mobile: + 260 97 607310 email: Ph#Office: +260 1 252581 Ph#Res: Fax: + 260 1 254491 Mobile: + 260 97 835235 email: Ph#Office:+ 260 1 221515 Ph#Res: Fax: Ph#Office: + 260 1 251819 Ph#Res: Mobile: + 260 96 769350 Fax: + 260 1 254491 email: doe@zamnet.zm  Albert Mumbi Founder Member  Albert S. Nhuluwe Chief Policy Analyst (ENS) Annie Malaya Ngoma Senior Planner  Beanty N Phiru Journalist Beatrice Nalikena Mukala Energy Informatics Officer  CORE International, Inc.  DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIPS  1    Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Support to Sri Lanka and Zambia  Name & Designation Binwell Mumba Executive Director  Organization, Address Extended Hand Community Foundation (EHCOF) P.O. Box No. 8 Mpatamatu Luanshya, Zambia  Charles Mulenga Senior Electricity Officer  Clement Sasa Senior Engineer  Department of Energy Ministry of Energy and Water Development P.O. Box 51254 Lusaka, Zambia Ministry of Energy and Water Development P.O. Box 33304 Lusaka, Zambia Department of Energy Ministry of Energy and Water Development P.O. Box 36079 Lusaka, Zambia Ministry of Energy and Water Development P.O. Box 36079 Lusaka, Zambia Enviro-Greencare Association of Zambia (EGCAZ) P.O. Box: 433, Ridgeway Rooms 8 and 9, 12th Floor, Findeco House Cairo Road, Lusaka, Zambia Energy and Environment Physics Group The University of Zambia P.O. Box 32379 Lusaka , Zambia Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Zambia School of Engineering P.O. Box 32379 Lusaka , Zambia  Clotilda Mwanza Senior Energy Officer  Deophista Mulenga Executive Officer Dorothy Chiyoosha Muntemba Chairperson Dr. Geoffrey Munyeme Director  Dr. Lemba D. Nyirenda Energy Systems & Lifelines Operations Research Specialist  Ph#Office:/ Ph#Res:/Fax: email: Ph#Office: +260 97 690585 Ph#Res: Mobile: + 260 97 690585 Fax: email: binwellmumba@yahoo.co. uk Ph#Office: + 260 1 254491 Ph#Res Mobile: + 260 95 837066 Fax: + 260 1 252339 email: doe@zamnet.zm Ph#Office: + 260 97 871109, + 260 1 254948 Ph#Res: + 260 1 261044 Mobile: + 260 97 871109 Fax: + 260 1 254948 email: csasa@zamnet.zm Ph#Office: + 260 1 251819 Ph#Res: + 260 1 250355 Mobile: Fax: + 260 1 252339 email: doe@zamnet.zm Ph#Office: + 260 1 254519 Ph#Res: Mobile: + 260 97 884983 Fax: + 260 1 254491 Ph#Office: Ph#Res: Mobile: + 260 95 915728 Fax: email: Ph#Office: +260 1290429 Ph#Res: + 260 1 290866 Mobile: + 260 97 749043 Fax: +260 1 253952 email: gmunyeme@natsci.unzia.z m Ph#Office: + 260 1 290979 Ph#Res: + 260 1 264957, + 260 1 265579, Mobile: + 260 97 829562, email: lembanyirenda@yahoo.co. uk lemba.nyirenda@undp.org  CORE International, Inc.  DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIPS  2    Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Support to Sri Lanka and Zambia  Name & Designation Emmanuel Mali Project Assistant Programmes / Financial Services  Organization, Address Micro Bankers Trust (MBT) Plot 57, Zambezi Road Roma Lusaka, Zambia  Geoffrey Musonda Acting Assistant Director  Godgrey E P Mwcenza Principal Agricultural Engineer  Jones K Mulomba Senior Technical Officer  Department of Energy Ministry of Energy and Water Development P.O. Box 51254 Lusaka, Zambia Field Services ­ Technical Serv. Branch Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives Mulungushi House 3rd Floor, Room 338 P.O. Box 50197 Lusaka, Zambia Forestry Department Ministry of Tourism, Environment and Natural Resources P.O. Box 50042 Lusaka , Zambia Mansha Hydroelectricty Company P.O. Box 32056 Lusaka , Zambia  Ph#Office:/ Ph#Res:/Fax: email: Ph#Office: +260 1 290852 Ph#Res Mobile: +260 97 760627 Fax: + 260 1 290852 email: mulipa2002@yahoo.co.uk mbk@zamnet.zm Ph#Office: + 260 1 254491 Ph#Res: Mobile: + 260 96 751871 Fax: +260 1 252339 email: doe@zamnet.zm Ph#Office: + 260 1 255346 Ph#Res: Mobile: + 260 95 756067 Fax: + 260 1 254669 + 260 1 255346 email: Ph#Office: + 260 1 226945 Ph#Res: Mobile: + 260 978 8845 Fax: + 260 1 236911 email: Ph#Office: + 260 1 229261 Ph#Res: Mobile: + 260 97 749002 Fax: + 260 1 220747 email: gameman@zamnet.zm Ph#Office: + 260 97 418813 Ph#Res: Mobile: + 260 97 418813 Fax: email: kafulac@yahoo.co.uk Ph#Office: Ph#Res: Mobile: + 260 95 813844 Fax: + 260 2 410211 email: ksiea_simpaka@yahoo.co. uk  Kabosha Chipwaya. Project Coordinator  Kafula Chisanga Researcher / Biomass Expert  Energy and Environmental Concerns for Zambia Box No. 51288 Lusaka, Zambia  Kennedy Simpaka Manager ­ International Trade  Kenmor International Products ZSIC Bldg, Room 221, 2nd Floor Box No. 40183 Mufulira, Zambia  CORE International, Inc.  DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIPS  3    Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Support to Sri Lanka and Zambia  Name & Designation Lubinda Tafira Executive Director  Malama Chileshe Energy Officer  Michael Musenga Regional Coordinator Southern Region  Mulwanda Kenneth O Electrical Engineer  Mwenya Mukuka Journalist ( Environment)  O S Kalumiana Acting Director  Peter Mpashi Vice President  Ph#Office:/ Ph#Res:/Fax: email: Zambia Alliance of Women Ph#Office: + 260 1 225573 P.O. Box 50266 Ph#Res: + 260 97 794139 Lusaka , Zambia Mobile: + 260 97 794139 Fax: +260 1 225573 email: zaw@zamnet.zm Department of Energy Ph#Office: + 260 1 251819 Ministry of Energy and Water Ph#Res: Development Mobile: + 260 96 809101 P.O. Box 51254 Fax:+ 260 1 252339 Lusaka, Zambia email: doe@zamnet.zm Zambia Consumers Association Ph#Office: Ph#Res: + 260 3 322401 ZACA Box No. 60175 Mobile: + 260 97 436314 Livingstone, Zambia Fax: email: mmusenga@yahoo.com Private Sector Ph#Office: P.O.Box 240484 Ph#Res: Ndola, Zambia Mobile: + 260 95 888284 Fax: +260 2 621030 email: kenmul@zamnet.zm Yatsani Radio Ph#Office: + + 260 1 Box 320147 265842 Lusaka, Zambia Ph#Res: Mobile: + 260 97 618911 Fax: +260 1 261082 email:mwenyamukuka@ya hoo.co.uk Department of Energy Ph#Office: + 260 1 254491 Ministry of Energy and Water Ph#Res: + 260 1 253880 Development Mobile: + 260 95 819453 P.O. Box 51254 + 260 97 850497 Lusaka, Zambia Fax: +260 1 254491 email: Environmnt Protection and Awareness Ph#Office: + 260 2 350257 + 260 2 Society (EPAS) 351151 P.O. Box 10010 , Chingola, Zambia Ph#Res: Mobile: + 260 97 457382 Fax: +260 2 351246 email:peter.mpashi@kcm.c o.zm, elijah.sichone@undp.org Organization, Address  CORE International, Inc.  DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIPS  4    Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Support to Sri Lanka and Zambia  Name & Designation Rose Madondo Treasurer  Organization, Address Zambia Alliance of Women ( Representative of Shantumbu Group of Villages) Box 50266, Ridgeway Lusaka, Zambia Zambia Consumers Association (ZACA) Suite 91 2nd Floor AFCOM House Obote Avenue, Zambia Way Kitwe Zambia Planning and Information Directorate Ministry of Education ( MOE) P.O. Box 50093 Lusaka, Zambia Department of Energy Ministry of Energy and Water Development P.O. Box 51254 Lusaka, Zambia Ministry of Finance Lusaka, Zambia Swedish International Development Agency Lusaka, Zambia  Ph#Office:/ Ph#Res:/Fax: email: Ph#Office: + 260 1 225573 Ph#Res: + 260 1 263597 Mobile: + 260 97 748052 Fax: + 260 01 225573 email: zam@zamnet.zm Ph#Office: + 260 2 224193 Ph#Res: Mobile: + 260 97 773429 Fax: email :zacca@zamnet.zm shaz003@hotmail.com Ph#Office: Ph#Res: Mobile: +260 95 994198 Fax: email: wkambwili@moe.gov.zm Ph#Office: + 260 96 749237 + 260 1 254491 Ph#Res: Fax: + 260 1 254491 email: doe@zamnet.zm Email: pkbpamela@yahoo.co.uk  Sharon Williams Executive Member  William Kambwili DEC/ SHN Specialist  Zulu Harriet Energy Officer  Pamela Kasese Bwalya Malila Chisanga  CORE International, Inc.  DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIPS  5    Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Support to Sri Lanka and Zambia  ANNEX III: GVEP WORKING GROUP SUBCOMMITTEES: ACTIVITIES, AND MEMBERSHIP  A. SUBCOMMITTEE 1 (SC 1) ­ RURAL ENERGY POLICY DEVELOPMENT 1. Activities of SC 1 The Rural Energy Policy Development Subcommittee will assist the GVEP Working Group (WG) in: · The preparation of discussion papers that identify the rural energy policy related issues, on which public comment will be sought · Identifying weaknesses in the existing energy sector policies, regulations, and laws · Identifying best approaches and examples to ensuring the development and implementation of a comprehensive rural energy policy in Zambia · The analysis of submissions made in response to discussion papers · The analysis of other materials relevant to the development of the rural energy policy · The preparation of the draft of the rural energy policy for Zambia 2. Membership of SC 1 The proposed membership of SC 1 is the following: Mr./Ms. ________________ Chairperson Mr./Ms. ________________ Mr./Ms. ________________ Mr./Ms. ________________ B. SUBCOMMITTEE 2 (SC 2) ­ FINANCE & PRIVATE SECTOR 1. Activities of SC 2 The Finance & Private Sector Subcommittee will assist the GVEP WG in: · Review of existing financing arrangements · Review the role of the government · Review the role of the donors · Review the role of the private sector · Assess cost recovery Issues · Explore possibilities for public private partnerships · Recommend incentives that can attract increased funding for rural energy 2. Membership of SC 2 The proposed membership of SC 2 is the following: Mr./Ms. ________________ Chairperson Mr./Ms. ________________ Mr./Ms. ________________ Mr./Ms. ________________  CORE International, Inc. DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIPS  1    Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Support to Sri Lanka and Zambia  C. SUBCOMMITTEE 3 (SC 3) ­ TECHNICAL ISSUES 1. Activities of SC 3 The Technical Issues Subcommittee will assist the GVEP WG in areas such as: · Energy demand (Household and Productive/Commercial use) · Affordability · Income generation · Grid extension · PV systems · Wind · Biomass · Mini/micro hydro (isolated systems) · Hybrid systems · Geothermal · Thermal (e.g. coal) 2. Membership of SC 3 The proposed membership of SC 3 is the following: Mr./Ms. ________________ Chairperson Mr./Ms. ________________ Mr./Ms. ________________ Mr./Ms. ________________ D. SUBCOMMITTEE 4 (SC 4) ­ OUTREACH AND INFORMATION 1. Activities of SC 4 The Outreach and Information Subcommittee will assist the GVEP WG in: · The preparation of mass media to disseminate the findings, reports and work of the other subcommittees · The preparation of outreach plans to involve stakeholders in all aspects of rural energy initiatives · To provide a forum for stakeholders to express rural energy concerns · The convening of national, regional and local outreach programs · The transfer of Zambia experience to the GVEP secretariat · To monitor and obtain the lessons learned and other valuable information from other countries experiences through the GVEP secretariat 2. Membership of SC 4 The proposed membership of SC 4 is the following: Mr./Ms. ________________ Chairperson Mr./Ms. ________________ Mr./Ms. ________________ Mr./Ms. ________________  CORE International, Inc.  DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIPS  2    Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Support to Sri Lanka and Zambia Task Order No. 011, CORE \'s Subcontract No. 23865-000-TM-02  ANNEX IV: INITIAL ACTION PLAN FOR GVEP ACTIVITIES IN ZAMBIA INITIAL ACTION PLAN FOR GVEP ACTIVITIES IN ZAMBIA (Immediate and Mid-Term Milestones and Actions)  Area of GVEP Service 1. Action plan development Objective / Targets Development and approval of a National Action Plan to launch GVEP activities · Activities Identification and engagement of an exemplary institution with development expertise and access to stakeholders to serve as lead on national action plan development and project facilitation Conducting a preliminary baseline survey of the current actors and activities in the energy sector and the donor priorities. This will include gathering information on energy related activities set forth in the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper, the Transitional National Development Plan, Rural Electrification policy and other energy related plans that may already be in place or are under development in Zambia Establish the National GVEP Technical Secretariat (GVEP TS) housed at the DOE Synthesize information and develop a background paper that describes the status of past and current programs and priorities related to the GVEP objectives. This includes rural energy programs and priorities; policies; rural energy service delivery mechanisms; linkages between energy and rural poverty alleviation; barriers to the delivery of modern energy services; and on-going and planned donor activities Plan and develop a framework for national consultations to be conducted with a range of stakeholders drawn from health, education, agriculture, transport and enterprise sectors Responsible Institution DOE Expected Start / Completion Date Commenced early 2004  ·  DOE  Completed by end June, 2004  · ·  DOE DOE/GVEPTS  Established in June 2003 underway  ·  DOE/GVEPTS  Completed January 2005  CORE International, Inc.  DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIPS  1    Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Support to Sri Lanka and Zambia Task Order No. 011, CORE \'s Subcontract No. 23865-000-TM-02  Area of GVEP Service  Objective / Targets ·  Activities  Responsible Institution DOE/GVEPTS  Expected Start / Completion Date Completed by end March, 2005  ·  Convene a multi-sectoral stakeholder dialogue on how the provision of modern energy services to non-energy sectors such as health, education, agriculture, transport, and enterprise could help reduce poverty and enhance development Gather and synthesize inputs from multi-sectoral stakeholder dialogue to develop a GVEP national action plan for energy and poverty reduction. GVEP WG to finalize the Draft Action Plan and submit it to the GRZ and donors for approval and support Commission a background paper that outlines the existing training tools on energy and development, with a particular focus on assessing the quality and relevance to GVEP services. Make recommendations on new training kits and tools that would be useful to develop for GVEP training activities Assess the need for establishing a local institution at the national level to take over the activities under  capacity building  service of the GVEP Identify the capacity development needs, priorities and ongoing activities in Zambia with GVEP facilitators and incountry partners Develop a strategy and timeline for a comprehensive GVEP training initiative that is linked to other services being provided by GVEP Solicit input and feedback from GVEP Technical Secretariat and partners on capacity development strategy and finalize output  DOE/GVEPTS/ GVEPWG DOE/GVEPTS/G  VEPWG  Completed by end March, 2005 Completed by May, 2005 Completed by May, 2005  · 2.1 Capacity development Assessment of institutional capabilities and available training materials on rural energy and development, with a focus on crosssectoral approaches 2.2 Capacity development Broad-based agreement and commitment to a GVEP capacity development strategy that will help facilitate implementation at the national level Background study of existing training material, institutions and facilities ·  DOE/GVEPWG  ·  DOE/GVEP WG  Completed by June 2005  ·  GVEP capacity development strategy  ·  GVEP TS / GVEP WG GVEP TS/ GVEP WG GVEPTS/ GVEP WG  Completed by June 2005. Completed by end, 2004 Completed by end 2004  ·  ·  DOE  Completed by end 2004  CORE International, Inc.  DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIPS  2    Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Support to Sri Lanka and Zambia Task Order No. 011, CORE \'s Subcontract No. 23865-000-TM-02  Area of GVEP Service 2.3 Capacity development Strengthened capacity to implement the National Action Plan that will help create an enabling framework for rural energy development in Zambia 3.1 Financing Facilitation Increased awareness of financing tools and services that are currently available and appropriate for rural energy development 3.2: Financing Facilitation Enhanced understanding of possible approaches to consumer credit for rural energy development that would be applicable to Zambia  Objective / Targets Design parameters and list of priority topics for a GVEP training workshop in Zambia · · ·  Activities Design a workshop targeted at key issues and options for energy and poverty reduction Identify and contract institution from within the country to lead the training activity Identify speakers and participants that are drawn from government, NGOs, and the private sector Convene training, summarize the outcomes, and share finding via the National GVEP TS through GVEP knowledge gateway Inventory and evaluate existing financing facilitation tools and services, provided by private and public sector, with a focus on identifying entry points for energy entrepreneurs and consumers Share findings through the GVEP Knowledge gateway  Responsible Institution DOE/GVEP TS/GVEPWG DOE/GVEP TS/GVEPWG DOE/GVEP TS/ GVEPEG DOE/GVEP TS/ GVEPWG DOE/GVEPTS/ MFNP/ GVEPWG  Expected Start / Completion Date Begin by January, 2005 Completed by March, 2005. Completed by March, 2005 Start by April, 2005. Start by April, 2005  · ·  Inventory of tools and services to facilitate the development of energy enterprises  ·  DOE/GVEP TS/GVEPWG  Start by April, 2005  Analysis of potential consumer credit models that could be applicable to rural energy services delivery  ·  Commission a study, which reviews various approaches from the energy and non-energy sectors that are used to provide affordable credit to people living in rural areas Identify and contract institution to conduct study in coordination with GVEP partners Contract institution for editing and layout of publication, including printing of 2,000 copies Share findings through the GVEP Knowledge gateway Develop a systematic approach to query energy projects  DOE/GVEPTS/ MFNP/ GVEPWG GVEPTS/GVEP WG GVEP TS  Start by May, 2005 Start by May, 2005 Completed by July, 2005. Start by June, 2005 Start by January,  · ·  · 4.1 Knowledge  CORE International, Inc.  GVEP TS DOE/GVEP TS/  Energy project  ·  DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIPS  3    Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Support to Sri Lanka and Zambia Task Order No. 011, CORE \'s Subcontract No. 23865-000-TM-02  Area of GVEP Service Management Enhanced linkages and exchange of information to enhance the National Action Plan Implementation and improved information on development impacts of the included in project profiles  Objective / Targets profiles that reflect development impacts more explicitly. Energy project profiles included in GVEP database. Plan established for the development of thematic case studies publications Information on energy projects posted in the National GVEP TS website and linked on GVEP website  Activities to gather relevant project information that will be integrated into project profiles · · Refine the approach to data collection, define data gaps, and assist with data gathering and input Facilitate enhancement of energy project profiles to capture development impacts at the local level including information on community involvement, financing mechanisms, role of women, livelihoods, barriers, and other issues relevant to partnership development with GVEP Develop project profiles in coordination with GVEP Technical Secretariat and incorporate project profiles in the GVEP website Establish systematic approach to gather information on Government/Donor energy projects Compile and synthesize information and put in a format that is compatible with the GVEP database Post information in the Zambian GVEP TS website and submit information to GVEP webmaster for inclusion in the GVEP worldwide website Provide follow-up monitoring of the website needs Identify efficient ways to share information Assist in providing substantive information on sustainable energy programs and projects Facilitate participation as needed in online discussion group related to GVEP  Responsible Institution /REA DOE/GVEP TS/ REA DOE/GVEP TS/ REA/  Expected Start / Completion Date 2005 Completed by March, 2005 Start by March, 2005  ·  DOE/GVEP TS DOE/GVEP TS/ REA/ DOE/GVEP TS DOE/GVEP TS  Start by March, 2005. Start by March, 2005 Start by March, 2005 Start by March, 2005 Continuously Start by March, 2005 Start by March, 2005 Start by end 2004  4.2 Knowledge Management Increased awareness of energy projects at the country-level by a broad, multi-sectoral set of actors  · · ·  4.3 Knowledge Management Improved participation in information sharing and discussions  Participate in the GVEP network information sharing and discussion  · · · ·  DOE/GVEP TS  DOE/GVEP TS/ DOE/GVEP TS/ REA DOE/GVEP TS  CORE International, Inc.  DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIPS  4    Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Support to Sri Lanka and Zambia Task Order No. 011, CORE \'s Subcontract No. 23865-000-TM-02  Area of GVEP Service 5.1: Monitoring and Evaluation Improved understanding of the various design options for a monitoring and evaluation framework  Objective / Targets Monitoring and evaluation framework for GVEP services ·  Activities Commission a desk study of methodologies that are being used to collect baseline data and the types of performance indicators that would be appropriate for GVEP activities. Identify and contract institution to conduct study in coordination with GVEP Technical Secretariat Share findings on status of partnership with GVEP partners Study results posted on GVEP website  Responsible Institution DOE/GVEPTS/  Expected Start / Completion Date Start by June 2005  · · ·  DOE/GVEPTS DOE/GVEPTS  Completed by June, 2005 Start by June, 2005 Start by June, 2005  GVEPTS  MFNP: Ministry of Finance and National Planning DOE: Department of Energy GVEP: Global Village Energy Partnership GVEP TS: GVEP Technical Secretariat GVEP WG: GVEP Working Group REA: Rural Electrification Authority April 2005  CORE International, Inc.  DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIPS  5    Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Support to Sri Lanka and Zambia Task Order No. 011, CORE \'s Subcontract No. 23865-000-TM-02  ANNEX V: PRELIMINARY SMALL HYDRO RESOURCE ASSESSMENT, ZAMBIA  SMALL-SCALE HYDROPOWER RESOURCE ASSESSMENT IN ZAMBIA OCTOBER, 2004 CONTENTS  1.0 Background ...................................................................................................2 2.0 Objective ........................................................................................................3 3.0 Country Information......................................................................................3 4.0 Large Scale Hydroelectric Potential............................................................4 5.0 Small-Scale Hydropower potential ..............................................................4 6.0 Electricity Access .........................................................................................6 7.0 Electricity Sub-sector Policy........................................................................6 8.0 Methodology for Assessing the Small-Scale Hydropower Potential .......6 8.1 Reconnaissance Study .................................................................................7 8.2 Hydropower Potential....................................................................................7 8.3 River Basin Masterplan.................................................................................7 8.4 Feasibility Study............................................................................................7 9.0 Preparatory Investigations..........................................................................8 9.1 Data Collection..............................................................................................8 9.2 Topographic maps ........................................................................................8 9.3 Run-off data ..................................................................................................9 9.4 Other hydrological and meteorogical data ..................................................10 9.5 Geologic Data .............................................................................................10 9.6 Data concerning power demand, power supply and transmission lines .....10 9.7 Other data related to the project planning...................................................10 9.8 Master plan of river basin development ......................................................10 9.9 Environmental Regulations .........................................................................10 9.10 Data concerning construction costs ..........................................................11 9.11 River investigation by maps ......................................................................11 9.12 Study of River Profile ................................................................................11 10.0 Existing Projects and Initiatives ..............................................................11 11.0 Capacity Building and Resource Requirements ....................................12 11.1 Financial Resource ...................................................................................12 11.2 Physical Resources ..................................................................................12 11.3 Human Resource ......................................................................................13 12.0 Recommendations ....................................................................................13 REFERENCES....................................................................................................14  CORE International, Inc.  DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIPS  1    Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Support to Sri Lanka and Zambia Task Order No. 011, CORE \'s Subcontract No. 23865-000-TM-02  1.0 Background Enhancing the energy service delivery for poverty alleviation and sustainable development is one of Government of the Republic of Zambia \'s (GRZ) highest priorities. In Zambia over 70% of the population is described as poor. Most of these people depend strongly on traditional fuels to meet their daily energy needs and access to affordable electricity and modern sources of energy remains a developmental challenge. Lack of financial resources is a major obstacle to most of the Zambians for accessing alternative energy sources. In order to reduce poverty the Government of the Republic of Zambia (GRZ) and other stakeholders recognize the need for a better integration of energy services in the country \'s rural development plans and programmes. These programmes are highlighted in the Transition National Development Plan (TNDP) and the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP). To achieve the goals set in the PRSP and the TNDP for the energy sector, among other initiatives, GRZ has committed itself to participate and use the Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) as a relevant initiate. The GVEP seeks to create a 10-year program to reduce poverty and enhance sustainable development through the accelerated provision of modern energy services to those un-served or underserved. In response to its participation in GVEP, the GRZ has established a GVEP Working Group consisting of 16 members representing the main poverty reduction stakeholders and a GVEP Technical Secretariat in the Ministry of Energy and Water Development (MEWD). Having established the structure and responsibilities of the GVEP Working Group, a National Action Plan for Energy Delivery Services in the GVEP context was drawn up in June, 2004. The Action Plan provides practical directions for the immediate and midterm milestones and actions towards implementation of the policies and projects for delivery of energy. Among the various options available to increase the levels of access to electricity by rural population is the development of the small-scale hydro potential. Zambia possesses significant small-scale hydropower resources in addition to its very significant larger scale hydropower resources. The small-scale hydropower developments can be valuable for isolated, small, rural electricity grids and for improving electricity quality in the remote parts of the national electricity distribution grid. For sound planning of the use of Zambia \'s small-scale hydropower resources it is necessary for the Government of Zambia to quantify these resources. It is known that Zambia possesses significant solar insolation and that successful solar home systems are being used in rural Zambia. The resource information to design solar systems is currently adequate, unlike that for small-scale hydropower resources. This report therefore highlights basic criteria which would assist the Department of Energy in the development of the small-scale hydropower resources assessment.  CORE International, Inc.  DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIPS  2    Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Support to Sri Lanka and Zambia Task Order No. 011, CORE \'s Subcontract No. 23865-000-TM-02  2.0 Objective The objective of this report is to provide initial information in designing a plan to assess small-scale hydro resources at national level. 3.0 Country Information Zambia covers an area of 752,000km2 with a population of 10.3 million people. The country is landlocked and situated between latitude 8° S and 18° S; longitude 22° E to 33.5° E. The main rivers include Zambezi, Kafue, Luapula, Kabombo, Luangwa and Chambeshi. The generation capacity in Zambia is nearly 100% hydro. The main power stations are constructed on the Zambezi and Kafue Rivers in southern part of the country while the major load centre, taking up more than 50% of the electricity demand, is located in the Copperbelt province where the copper mines are situated. The generation capacity in Zambia is dominated by hydropower with an estimated potential of 4,000 MW. The total installed capacity is 1,760 MW out of which 1,670 MW is hydropower and 90 MW is thermal. The hydropower stations supply the grid while the diesel power generating plants supply isolated loads mainly in remote areas not connected to the grid. The Gas Turbines totaling 80MW are located in the Copperbelt province providing standby supply to the mines. The Zambian power system is shown in Figure 1. Figure 1: Zambian Power System  To Sumbuwanga 8o  MPULUNGU  TANZANIA  MBAL A  ZAMBIAN POWER SYSTEM  LUNZUA  CONGO (K)  KASHIK ISHI  KALUNGW ISH I  MBEYA  NAKONDE  MPOROKOSO  KALUNGW ISH I RIVER  CHISHIM BA FALLS KASAMA  IV ER  MAMBILIMA MUSO ND A FALLS  LUWIN GU  CH AM BE SH  ISOKA  MANSA  WEST LUNGA RIVER AT MWINILUNGA (2.5MW)  CHINSALI  MICHELO  SAMF YA  LU AP UL MO MBUTU TA A RI VE R  ANGOLA  CHAVU MA FALLS (20 MW)  3 0MW  SOLWEZI  LUANO KI TWE  KANS USWA  MPIKA  LUSIWASI  LUNDAZI  KAB OMPO RIVER AT KAB OMPO-MANY INGA BRIDGE (0.10MW) CHIKATA FALLS (3 MW) LUFUBU RIVER AT KASEMPA BRIDGE (0.23MW)  SERENJE MAPOSA MKUSHI MPONGWE KAPIRI KABWE  LUNSEMF WA  PENS ULO  MF UE  ZAMBE ZI  MSORO AZE LE  CHIPA TA  KA FU E  KALABO  LUK UL U KAOMA MONG U  RI VE R  M UM BWA LUS AKA WEST  MULU NGUSHI  PETA UKE 33.5o East  LEOPARDS HILL KAF UE TOWN  KAFUE GORGE KAF UE LOWER  MOZAMBIQUE  LUANGWA  KAF UE WEST  ITE ZHI - TE ZHI  CHIRUN D U  KEY KEY  KARIBA SOUTH  km 330 kV 220 kV 132 kV 88 kV 66 kV 1941 km 348 77 717 27 91  PROPOSED LINES  SENANGA  MA ZA BUKA  (120 MW)  KARIBA NORTH  330 kV 220 kV 132 kV 88 kV 66 kV  M UZUM A  LAKE KARIBA  22o East  SESHEKE  VICTORIA FALLS 18o  POWER STATIONS PROPOSE D POWER STATIONS  SUBSTATION S  NAMIBIA  KATIM A M ULILO  BOTSWANA  ZIMBABWE  PROPOSED SUBSTATIONS DIESEL STATIONS DIESEL STATIONS  Table 1: Installed electricity generation capacity (ZESCO statistics)  CORE International, Inc. DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIPS  3  MALAWI  IR  ZAMBEZ I RIVER    Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Support to Sri Lanka and Zambia Task Order No. 011, CORE \'s Subcontract No. 23865-000-TM-02  No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7  Description Kafue Gorge Kariba North Bank Victoria Falls Lunsemfwa & Mulungushi Small Hydros Isolated Generation Gas Turbine (stand by) Total installed capacity  Capacity (MW) 900 600 108 38 24 10 80 1760  Type Hydro Hydro Hydro Hydro Hydro Diesel Gas  4.0 Large Scale Hydroelectric Potential The potential for hydro power generation in Zambia has long been recognised and feasibility studies exist for many hydro sites. The table below summarises the major hydropower projects in Zambia. Table 2: Large scale hydroelectric potential in Zambia No. Description 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Itezhi-tezhi Kariba North Extension Kafue Gorge Lower Batoka Gorge Kalungwishi River Devil \'s Gorge Lusiwasi Extension Mpata Gorge Lupaula River TOTAL Capacity (MW) 120 300 600 800 163 800 40 320 850 3,993 Cost (US  ) million 82 225 600 920 376 1,655 92 839 2,500 7,289 Cost per Unit of Capacity ( /kW) 683 750 938 1,150 1,679 2,069 2,300 2,622 2,942  5.0 Small-Scale Hydropower potential In addition to large-scale hydro-electric potential, which is sufficient to meet the growing demand in the interconnected system for several years, Zambia also has a number of potential sites on smaller rivers suitable for local small-scale power generation. The most advantageous places for such development are in the North-Western and the Northern provinces which exhibit good topography of the terrain, the geology of the  CORE International, Inc.  DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIPS  4    Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Support to Sri Lanka and Zambia Task Order No. 011, CORE \'s Subcontract No. 23865-000-TM-02  ground, the highest rainfall figures in the country and the lowest evaporation due to temperatures which are below average. In Zambia, the isolated rural load centers are normally supplied by diesel generators. In order to promote rural electrification and to replace the costly diesel power generation, efforts have been made to identify suitable sites for small-scale hydropower schemes. One such development is the effort by government to develop the Mini-hydropower potential in North-Western Province aimed at replacing the costly diesel generation in which a pre-feasibility study was undertaken. The Zambian climate is characterized by the cycle of dry and wet seasons. During the dry season from April to November many small rivers dry up, whereas during the rainy period the rivers flood. Large variations in river discharges are thus typical of Zambian rivers. In view of the above, suitable sites have to be identified by collecting information on rivers with sufficient year-round flows. Since the regulation of river flows by dams and water storage requires high initial costs and often makes small-scale hydropower projects uneconomical, preference is given to sites that can sustain run-of-river schemes. Apart from low cost, other benefits of run-of-river schemes include, fast and easy construction, easy flood protection, minimal environmental impact and low evaporation losses. Some of the identified small-scale hydropower sites are described below: Table 3: Small-scale hydro potential No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 River Basin Zambezi Zambezi Zambezi Zambezi Zambezi Zambezi Kafue Kafue Kafue Chambeshi Chambeshi Site Zambezi falls Chavuma falls Sachibondo Mwinilunga Kapembe Chikata falls Kasempa Mutanda Kelongwa Chandaweyaya Mbesuma ferry RIVER Zambezi Zambezi Luakela West Lunga Kabompo Kabompo Lufupa Lunga Lunga Chambeshi Chambeshi 3,000 230 400 10-20,000 600 2,500 Capacity (kW)  12 Chambeshi Shiwang \'andu Manshya 1,000 Source: UNIDO/GEF Project Brief In order to appreciate the full potential of small scale hydropower resource in Zambia, a compressive hydropower resource assessment will be required at a national level.  CORE International, Inc.  DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIPS  5    Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Support to Sri Lanka and Zambia Task Order No. 011, CORE \'s Subcontract No. 23865-000-TM-02  6.0 Electricity Access The estimated electricity access in Zambia is 20%. The access by the rural population to electricity in rural areas is as low as 2%. Among other reasons, the low electricity access level can be attributed to the high cost of electricity infrastructure and equipment. This problem has been compounded by low population density in Zambia and enormous distances between major towns or load centers. 7.0 Electricity Sub-sector Policy The National Energy Policy (NEP) of 1994 is the main energy policy document dictating the changes and developments in the energy sector. The policy document contains measures for each energy sub-sector, outlines strategies for implementation, and identifies the legal framework needed to implement the policy. It establishes an appropriate regulatory framework to protect consumer interest, investors, and the environment. Its main objective is  to promote optimum supply and utilization of energy, especially indigenous forms, to facilitate the socio-economic development of the country and maintenance of a safe and healthy environment . In the electricity sub-sector the policy supports measures aimed at increasing accessibility and developing the most cost effective hydropower sites for domestic and export market. To achieve this goal, the policy highlights measures hinged on: i. ii. iii. iv. v. Restructuring of the electricity industry in order to improve service delivery. Improving accessibility to electricity Promoting electrification of productive areas and social institutions Developing the hydro-potential to take advantage of the strategic location of the country in the sub-region Reviewing the existing legislation on electricity in order to bring it into conformity with the new macro-economic environment.  Currently, the Ministry of Energy and Water Development is in the process of reviewing the 1994 National Energy Policy. 8.0 Methodology for Assessing the Small-Scale Hydropower Potential Zambia is endowed with a large water resource as evidenced by the large hydropower potential mainly on the Zambezi, Kafue, Luapula and Kalungwishi rivers. This potential is well documented in various feasibility studies which have been undertaken as part of the national generation development plans meeting the local demand and for export to the sub-region. These potential sites are given in Figure 2. However, what has not been appraised fully and documented is the small-scale hydropower potential for rural electrification. To assess this potential a methodology for realizing this potential is proposed.  CORE International, Inc.  DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIPS  6    Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Support to Sri Lanka and Zambia Task Order No. 011, CORE \'s Subcontract No. 23865-000-TM-02  8.1 Reconnaissance study In order to appreciate the national small-scale hydropower potential one needs to undertake a preliminary (reconnaissance) study at a national level. The reconnaissance is the initial stage study in which 1:50,000 to 1: 100,000 scale topographical maps are used. The potential sites are screened and evaluated against factors which include but not limited to: river flows; hydrology; meteorology; geology; power demand and supply, and environmental issues. 8.2 Hydropower potential The hydropower potential is the amount of potential energy which exists in a river or area. A hydropower potential study is done to investigate the potential and is conducted with a view of: · Maximizing the available river head as much as possible taking into account the existing technology and economic factors of the development. · Selecting a power generation method which is suitable for the local conditions which may be determined by river topography and stream flow conditions. · Optimally locating the reservoirs and pondages so as to maximize energy generation as much as possible by utilizing the river flow effectively. A plan is consequently made for each site for which the reconnaissance study has been carried out. 8.3 River basin master plan In the event that several possible developments in a river basin are considered, a river master plan should be developed before conducting a feasibility study. The hydropower potential survey is conducted to take inventory of the potential energy existing in the river. On the other hand, the master plan study is conducted to develop a river basin most effectively and to optimally dimension the projects. Then priority is given to each project considering the project economics, access road, transmission line, demand and other factors. Key projects which rank highly and contribute significantly to the basin development may be implemented first. 8.4 Feasibility study The feasibility study is the final stage to determine the realization of the project in which 1:5,000 scale topographical maps are used. It is recommended that the planning process is carried out in three main stages namely; preparatory investigation, reconnaissance and feasibility. The preparatory stage involves general information gathering from maps, river flows, hydrology, meteorology, geology, power demand, supply environmental considerations, population distribution, similar projects etc. This information can be obtained from responsible institutions and Ministries such as Ministry of Lands, Department of Meteorology, ZESCO, Central Statistics Office, Environmental Council of Zambia, etc. The above information is used in the reconnaissance stage to determine possible hydropower sites in the country. The possible sites are pinpointed and more detailed information is collected and where possible site visits are undertaken. Once sufficient site information is collected and analyzed preliminary design, construction estimates, economic assessment are then executed. If found to be viable, the site can be  CORE International, Inc. DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIPS  7    Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Support to Sri Lanka and Zambia Task Order No. 011, CORE \'s Subcontract No. 23865-000-TM-02  subjected to further work which may include but not limited to topological, geological, environmental, demand and supply investigations. These sites are then included in a development plan and if several sites are located in the same river basin a river basin master plan can be developed. The sites from the development plan or river basin plan can then be selected according to their ranking for full feasibility investigation. The flowchart of the process is shown Figure 2. 9.0 Preparatory Investigations 9.1 Data collection The initial stage study of hydropower is called the reconnaissance. The minimum data required in this stage are topographic maps and run-off data. Other data on hydrology, meteorology and geology are desirable for investigations. 9.2 Topographic maps Plant discharge of hydro power plant is determined by river flow available at the site. The catchment area is necessary for calculation of the river flow. The head is determined by the difference in elevation between the intake site and tailrace site. The topographic maps are required to compute the catchment area and the head. Generally 1:50,000 to 1:100,000 scale topographic maps are used. Figure 2: Assessment of Small Scale Hydropower Potential  CORE International, Inc.  DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIPS  8    Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Support to Sri Lanka and Zambia Task Order No. 011, CORE \'s Subcontract No. 23865-000-TM-02 Reconnaissance  Preparatory Investigation .1: 50,000 -10,000 topo maps . River flow . Hydrology, meteorology & geology . Power demand & supply . Environmental regulations, etc.  Start  Planning Construction cost estimate Economic evaluation  NO  Economic Aspect YES Site Reconnaissance [Topology, Geology, environ. Etc] Master Plan  Finalization Development Plan  Selection of Project for Feasibility Study  Feasibility Investigation [Load Forecast, Geologic, Topographic survey, Environmental survey, etc]  Structure Design  Construction Planning & cost estimate  Feasibility  Economic & Financial analysis  NO  Technical, Environmental & Economic  YES Finalisation of development Plan  END  9.3 Run-off data  CORE International, Inc. DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIPS  9    Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Support to Sri Lanka and Zambia Task Order No. 011, CORE \'s Subcontract No. 23865-000-TM-02  Together with the topographic maps described above, the most important data for drawing up a hydro power development plan is run-off data. In many cases, streamflow gauging and custody of data are conducted by the organization which will ultimately implement the hydro power project. If river flow is not recorded in the project site or nearby, it is necessary to prepare run-off data of the project site using data available, including run-off data of adjacent rivers. 9.4 Other hydrological and metrological data Normally, rainfall is observed even where runoff is not recorded. If the period of the recorded data is too short and inadequate for the reconnaissance study, rainfall data is used to prepare long-term run-off data. If a stream flow gaging is not installed near the project site but in other basins, run-off data can be prepared from the data of the other basins taking into consideration rainfall of both basins. If no run-off data is available in the nearby basin, run-off data must be produced from the rainfall data. In the case of a plan for a large reservoir, data concerning evaporation should be collected. 9.5 Geologic data It is desirable in the planning stage to know the geologic condition of the basin and waterway route. If data concerning seismic activity in the project site is available, that data should also be collected. 9.6 Data concerning power demand, power supply and transmission lines Daily load curve of the maximum load day in the supply area and the sources of power supply are investigated. For developments in new areas where there has been no supply a more detailed survey for potential loads should be investigated. Peak duration hours required for planning of reservoir and pondage type can be assumed by a daily load curve. In many cases the hydro power plants are located near the load centre and the therefore the percentage of the transmission line cost in the hydro power generation cost is high. 9.7 Other data related to the project planning Data available for previous studies or projects in the nearby areas should be collected and can be useful for project planning. 9.8 Master plan of river basin development The master plan is prepared for development of the entire river basin in a most effective and efficient manner. If a master plan is available, consideration must be given so that other competing water needs are not negatively affected. 9.9 Environmental regulations Any hydropower development should comply with the environmental legislation and guidelines in Zambia hence the need for the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). This need was established within the Zambia under the `Environmental Protection and Pollution Control Act.  CORE International, Inc.  DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIPS  10    Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Support to Sri Lanka and Zambia Task Order No. 011, CORE \'s Subcontract No. 23865-000-TM-02  9.10 Data concerning construction costs Estimate of the construction cost is necessary to evaluate the economic viability of the project. The unit prices of the principal inputs such as concrete, excavation, labor and interest rates are useful for the estimation of the construction cost. This data must be collected. 9.11 River investigation by maps As hydro power plants use river water, the river conditions must be investigated in project planning to take into account other competing needs which include water for drinking, irrigation, industry, fishery and transport. 9.12 Study of river profile Hydro power plants generate electricity by using the difference in elevation of a river. The river \'s gradient is studied by topographic maps so that the topographic features can used most effectively. The maximum output is the power output the plant can generate, normally referred to as installed capacity or rated capacity. The maximum plant discharge is the largest discharge used by the power plant which is the value used to determine the installed capacity. 10.0 Existing Projects and Initiatives A few programmes and initiatives exist aimed at developing the small scale hydropower potential in Zambia. Some of these initiatives are: Small-Scale hydropower development in Zambia: A pre-investment study of the small-scale hydropower potential in North-western Province was carried in 2000. The main objective of the study was to assess the development of the small scale hydro potential to supplant the costly diesel generation currently supplying the towns not connected to the national electricity grid. The costs of running these diesel engines are prohibitive due to high fuel costs and aging machinery. Although the cost of generation by diesel in these areas is about ten times the average national tariff, the customers pay the same national tariff. The study recommended a combination of small hydropower developments, isolated grids and national grid extension in order to replace the diesel stations. The study recommended the development of two sites; West Lunga (2.5MW) and Chikata Falls (3MW). See Fig 1. Efforts to develop these sites are currently being pursued. UNIDO/GEF project: The thrust of this project is on Renewable Energy Based Electricity Generation for isolated mini-grids which includes the promotion of minihydro units, solar energy services, and biomass. The pilot projects being undertaken include: o A 1,000kW mini-hydro business model in Shiwang \'andu. o A 1,000 kW biomass gasification business model in Kaputa District; and o A 36 kW PV business model at Chinsanka in Samfya.  CORE International, Inc.  DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIPS  11    Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Support to Sri Lanka and Zambia Task Order No. 011, CORE \'s Subcontract No. 23865-000-TM-02  The above projects are intended to increase access to modern energy services. This initiative is currently being promoted. Increased Access to Energy Services (IAES): One of the major programs being jointly developed by the GRZ and the World Bank is the  Increased Access to Energy Services (IAES) program. This program is being designed following the concept that the benefits of rural electrification can be significantly increased by working with other sectors (such as health, and education), so that services in these sectors can also be improved once electricity and information and communication technologies (ICTs) become available. The major program components include; technical assistance, capacity building, and most importantly, co-financing in investment projects. The investment projects would be in the areas of: Electricity, for (i) distribution grid extensions, (ii) independent grid supply using Renewable Energy Technologies (RET) such as small and mini hydropower, and (iii) small solar PV systems; and o ICTs (telephony and connectivity), for (i) extension of basic telephony, (ii) extension of Internet to district headquarters, and (iii) extension of ICTs to selected rural institutions.  o  This project is scheduled to be negotiated in the next 1-2 years. 11.0 Capacity Building and Resource Requirements The Department of Energy (DOE) must have the basic physical and human resources needed to effectively perform its responsibilities and undertake the assessment of the small-scale hydropower potential in Zambia in the short term and in the longer term to deal with future requirements. The resources needed include financial, physical and human. 11.1 Financial resources DOE requires adequate funding for efficient operations and capacity building. Firstly, a detailed program of activities required to undertake the assessment should be developed before the financial resource requirements can be estimated. 11.2 Physical resources DOE must have logistical and basic office resources which would help it operate more effectively. The process of small-scale hydropower assessment requires a lot of site visits and data collection. Once collected, the information will need to be analyzed, processed and packaged. To undertake these tasks the following logistical and physical resources may be required: Appropriate office space and furniture Adequate Transport (vehicles) Good communication facilities (telephone, fax, e-mail, etc) Computers  CORE International, Inc.  DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIPS  12    Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Support to Sri Lanka and Zambia Task Order No. 011, CORE \'s Subcontract No. 23865-000-TM-02  Analysis tools e.g. software such as PSS/E for Power System Analysis, Hydrological Studies software, Microsoft Project, etc. 11.3 Human resources DOE must have appropriate staff with skills in technical, economic, financial, power system planning, social and environmental impact assessment. Where skills are lacking DOE may decide to hire new staff, second staff from other Government Institutions, train existing and new staff or use outside consultants for specialized tasks. 12.0 Recommendations It is recommended that a detailed assessment of the small-scale hydropower potential is undertaken at a national level in order to appreciate the full potential of the resource. In doing so, information and experiences gained from other similar projects in Zambia should be taken into consideration as inputs to the proposed assessment study. The results from the small scale hydropower assessment will provide valuable input into the development of the Rural Electrification Master Plan in Zambia.  CORE International, Inc.  DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIPS  13    Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Support to Sri Lanka and Zambia Task Order No. 011, CORE \'s Subcontract No. 23865-000-TM-02  REFERENCES 1. Energy Services Delivery in Zambia, status and opportunities for enhancement in the context of Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP), CORE International, June, 2004. Renewable Energy Based Electricity Generation for Isolated Mini-Grids, UNIDO/GEF Project Brief. Development of Hydroelectric Power in Luapula and Northern Areas of Zambia, Harza Engineering Company International, October, 2001. Small Hydropower Pre-investment Study ­ North-Western Province, Zambia, Norplan AS, ZESCO, April, 2000. Energy Statistics Bulletin, Department of Energy, October 2000. Twenty Year Power System Development Plan for Zambia, Ekono Energy, 1996. The study on the National Water Resources Master Plan in the Republic of Zambia, Yachiyo Engineering Co. Ltd, October, 1995. Feasibility Study of the Kafue Gorge Lower Hydroelectric Project, Harza Engineering Company International, May 1995. National Energy Policy, 1994. Scheme Feasibility Report, Lahmeyer  2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.  10. Batoka Gorge Hydroelectric International, September, 1993.  CORE International, Inc.  DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIPS  14    Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Support to Sri Lanka and Zambia Task Order No. 011, CORE \'s Subcontract No. 23865-000-TM-02  ANNEX VI: RURAL POVERTY REDUCTION INTERVENTION PAPER  RURAL POVERTY REDUCTION INTERVENTIONS IN ZAMBIA  Sponsored Under  USAID Energy IQC I Short Term Support Task Order  By CORE International, Inc. Washington, D.C.  December 20, 2004  CORE International, Inc.  DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIPS  1    Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Support to Sri Lanka and Zambia Task Order No. 011, CORE \'s Subcontract No. 23865-000-TM-02  ACRONYMS/ABBREVIATIONS  DoE ERB ESCO GRZ GVEP Ha kW kWp MoF m/s MW MEWD NEP NRSE PRA PRSP PV PV-SHS REA REF WG ZESCO Department of Energy Energy Regulation Board Energy Services Company Government of the Republic of Zambia Global Village Energy Partnership Hectares Kilowatts Kilowatts peak Ministry of Finance meters per Second Megawatts Ministry of Energy and Water Development National Energy Policy New and Renewable Sources of Energy Participatory Rural Appraisal Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper Photovoltaic Photovoltaic Solar Home System Rural Electrification Authority Rural Electrification Fund Working Group Zambia Electric Supply Company  CORE International, Inc.  DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIPS  2    Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Support to Sri Lanka and Zambia Task Order No. 011, CORE \'s Subcontract No. 23865-000-TM-02  1. Introduction Zambia is a country rife with poverty despite a richness of natural resources. Despite excess capacity to produce electricity, less than 20% of the country has access to electricity and less than 2% of rural households have electricity. When viewed from a per capita consumption of electricity perspective, Zambia \'s use of electricity appears high when compared to countries with similar economies. This masks the nature of the Zambian economy, which is built upon energy intensive extractive industries and which exports large volumes of electricity. If statistics for Zambian household consumption were readily available, they would demonstrate that Zambians use very little noncommercial electricity and have very slight consumption of other forms of commercial energy. The purpose of this paper is to present the rural poverty energy issues and the process by which interventions could be addressed. 2. Background Zambia \'s situation is challenging. During much of the 1960 \'s per capita income was over  600 (USD). Today, the population is relatively poor and getting poorer. In 2003, per capita GNI was  380 (USD) compared to the low income country average of  4502. The vast majority of Zambia \'s rural poor are at or below the subsistence level of  1 a day. In 1991, 69.7% of the population was determined to be unable to sufficiently feed themselves. By 1997 this figure had risen to 73%3. In 1998 it was estimated that 83% of Zambia \'s rural population was in poverty, with 70.9% experiencing extreme poverty. No matter the measure of poverty, whether it be income or another metric (such as the Human Development Index), Zambia \'s rural population is poor. Population is also sparse, with approximately 14 persons per square kilometer, including urban areas.  In summary, the worsening poverty trend in Zambia is primarily a product of: · Lack of economic growth while the population has more than trebled since independence. · Inadequate or inappropriate targeting of the poor and vulnerable people as evidenced by inappropriate budgetary locative patterns that have generally biased resources against pro-poor interventions. · Weak integration of the poor, particularly small-scale farmers, into the market. · Absence of well-conceived livelihood approaches that address rural and urban poverty. · Poor people \'s weak access to real assets due to unfavorable land ownership laws and unsupportive land tenure systems that have worsened labor and land productivity.  2 3  World Bank, World Development Indicators, 2004 Zambia \'s Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper, page 22  DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIPS  CORE International, Inc.  3    Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Support to Sri Lanka and Zambia Task Order No. 011, CORE \'s Subcontract No. 23865-000-TM-02  · Weaknesses in governance in both its economic and political dimensions. Little can be achieved to reduce poverty unless measures are taken to revive Zambia \'s economy. 4 So who are Zambia \'s rural poor? In most areas they are farmers or those engaged in some form of agriculture. Addressing the challenges facing the agricultural sector is the most broad based method of attacking poverty and, as such,  enhanced agricultural productivity is being given the highest priority under this PRSP . Zambia has abundant arable agricultural land and supportive agroecological zones, which combined with abundant human resource base, can propel increase in output. On equity, it is noted that the poor in Zambia are predominantly in agriculture. If the sector grows and measures are put in place to include the poor in this growth, poverty will be reduced. The creation of conditions that enhance long-term innovative improvement of the productivity of agricultural resources, particularly smallholder farmers \' land and labor is, therefore, considered crucial. 3. Rural Economic Activity and Energy As mentioned previously, Zambia is a paradox for having extreme poverty. The country \'s soil and weather conditions are favorable to farming. As agriculture is the main source of employment for rural peoples, with the exception of extractive industries in the Copper Belt, it has the potential to be an engine of growth for the Zambian economy. However, major changes are required before this can be accomplished. Zambian agriculture is characterized by a large number of small farmers with insufficient inputs. Small subsistence farmers make up over 75% of the sector \'s 600,000 farms. Over 80% of rural households are involved in agriculture. Women heading the households are particularly hard hit and form the poorest of the farm sector. Human energy is the farm economy \'s backbone with biomass and wood as the other major sources of energy. While these energy sources are often not purchased, they entail a major cost to the household in terms of the time and labor required to gather them. Surveys indicate that rural women spend up to 20% of their productive time collecting firewood. Ninety-nine percent of rural households report using wood. Rich rural families use charcoal for cooking and their urban counterparts use electricity and kerosene. Animal power is emerging in mid-sized farms but is virtually nonexistent in the vast majority of the nation \'s farms, the small farmers. Commercial farms have varied energy sources. Less than 2% of the rural population has access to electricity. This lack of energy has profound implications: Zambia has abundant water resources but less than 10 percent, or 40,000 hectares of irrigable land, are irrigated. Similarly, only 14% of arable land is cultivated.  It is clear, therefore, that a technological  4  Zambia \'s Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper  DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIPS  CORE International, Inc.  4    Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Support to Sri Lanka and Zambia Task Order No. 011, CORE \'s Subcontract No. 23865-000-TM-02  revolution in Zambian agriculture is required in order to achieve two goals: (a) expand the land under cultivation and thereby maximize the advantage of Zambia as a land surplus country; and (b) raise land and labor productivity. The shortages can be overcome in part by increasing farm incomes, by changing the crop mix, or by shifting cropping activating to off-peak seasons (which in turn can only be achieved through irrigation) 5. All of these improvements require a dramatic increase in energy production and consumption at the farm level in some form whether it be human, animal, mechanical, chemical, or other. 4. Zambia \'s Energy Resources for Rural Development There are two important lessons from international experience that should guide Zambia. First, there is an order based on complex interrelationships such as economics, technology, demand, productive uses and social beliefs that produce a transitioning in energy use, an energy ladder, as it is often called. Consumers rarely move directly from fuel wood to electricity for cooking, for example. This has profound implications to energy planners and care should be taken when setting policy or developing projects to supply the correct form of energy. The current energy situation can be described as bleak. However, just as Zambia has significant agricultural potential, it too has large potential energy resources for rural use. This section presents the available resources and summarizes them. Second, energy alone does not cause economic development. There is no empirical evidence to conclusively support the claim that providing energy will promote economic development. To be sure, the introduction of more modern forms of energy can substantially increase the quality of life but it is not certain that these translate into economic development. For example, if electrification in a new area provides drinking water where once women walked miles to collect it, this increases their standard of living. However, the impact on economic development depends crucially on what the women do with the time which was freed up from collecting water. To contribute to economic development, the introduction of energy must be carefully planned to coincide with other factors of production. There must be a productive activity that has been identified and the project must identified the other potential impediments and have ways of addressing them. There are numerous examples of where electricity was supplied so that farmers could irrigate but irrigation failed to take place because there were other constraints, such as access to capital or land tenure. Together or alone, both of these lessons are of crucial importance to GVEP. Given the low income in rural areas, energy will have to be subsidized for some time. Moreover, given the Government \'s resources and its commitment to providing energy for economic development, the implications are that the energy sector should work closely with other projects or interventions to insure that an integrated approach to development takes place, and that resources are combined to increase the chances of success and that resources flow to fill critical gaps. In essence this means applying technical and  Kimhi, Ayal and Chiwele, Dennis, Barriers for Development in Zambia Small and Medium Size Farms: Evidence from Microdata.  CORE International, Inc. DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIPS  5  5    Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Support to Sri Lanka and Zambia Task Order No. 011, CORE \'s Subcontract No. 23865-000-TM-02  financial due diligence to potential projects. Increasing the probability of success a priori means working closely with others, such as the Ministry of Agriculture and other donors and proponents of projects, which are mostly seen as non-energy. For example, if lack of irrigation is the main hurdle to increased economic development in many rural areas, it makes sense then to work closely with those providing irrigation services. The following section presents the available energy resources and summarizes with a local priority of their deployment in rural interventions. a. Grid Extension Approximately 20% of the urban population and as few as 2% of the 6.2 million rural population have access to electricity. Extension of the grid to provide rural electrification has been hampered by the high unit cost per connection as a result of low population density in Zambia, enormous distances between major towns or load centers, low demand per connection, and the performance of ZESCO. From a social perspective the cost of grid extension projects cannot be justified. Given these electrification constraints, extension of the grid is unlikely to happen in the near future. At this time, a few rural load centers are electrified by diesel generators. Off-Grid Technologies: Renewable Energy (RE) embraces the following: solar (thermal and photovoltaic), small-hydro, biomass (agricultural wastes, forestry waste, industrial/municipal organic wastes, energy crops and animal waste), geothermal and wind. Data is not readily available on the resource potential or the production and consumption of these resources in Zambia. While wood, petroleum and hydropower will continue to be the major energy sources, at least in the mid term, Zambia is potentially rich in these sources of energy. Table 1 summarizes the availability and potentials for the utilization of renewable energy sources and technologies. Table 1: Availability and Potentials for Utilization of Renewable of Energy Resources and Technologies in Zambia6  Renewable Energy Source/Technology PV Opportunities/Use Thermal, Electricity (water pumping, lighting, refrigeration) Electricity, Mechanical (water pumping/milling) Electricity Resource Availability 6-8 sunshine hours Potential Energy Output 5.5 kWh/m2/day (modest potential especially for limited irrigation) Good potential, especially for irrigation Excess power (approx. 200 MW)  Wind Grid extension  Average 3m/s Existing infrastructure   Opportunities, Barriers and Policy Dialogue Process to Promote the Use of Renewable Energy Technologies (RETs) and Energy Efficiency for Sustainable Development With Particular Reference to Poverty Reduction , Prof. F. D. Yamba, Director, Centre for Energy, Environment and Engineering Zambia Ltd (CEEEZ), March 23, 2004 CORE International, Inc. DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIPS  6  6    Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Support to Sri Lanka and Zambia Task Order No. 011, CORE \'s Subcontract No. 23865-000-TM-02  Renewable Energy Source/Technology Micro-hydro Biomass (combustion and gasification) Biomass (biomethanation)  Opportunities/Use  Resource Availability Reasonably extensive Agro wastes Forest wastes Sawmill wastes Animal waste Municipal and Industrial waste Waste water Sugarcane Sweet sorghum Jatropha  Potential Energy Output Requires elaboration and quantification  Electricity generation Electricity generation Heating (cooking) Ethanol for blending with gasoline to replace lead as octane enhancer Biodiesel for stationary engines Improved charcoal production Improved biomass stove  Potential requires elaborates  Biomass (extraction, processing for transport)  15,000 Ha to meet current demand 40,000 ­ 50,000 Ha  Biomass (for household energy)  Sawmill wastes and indigenous trees from sustainable forest management  Reasonably extensive  b. Solar Energy One alternative to grid extension is by Photovoltaic Solar Home Systems (PV-SHS) including the Energy Services Companies (ESCOs) approach. Solar home systems are an increasingly important means of providing lighting in dispersed off-grid areas of developing countries. Over half a million solar home systems are installed in rural areas of the developing world in countries such as the Dominican Republic, Indonesia, Kenya, the Philippines, Sri Lanka and Zimbabwe. The main components of solar home systems are: · Solar cell modules, converting sunlight to electricity of between 12 and 60 watts in capacity. · Lead-acid batteries, typically car batteries to store the energy collected during periods of sunlight. Deep discharge batteries are preferred but are often too expensive for the poor. Care should be taken in making sure that the environmental impact of batteries is accounted for in project design and implementation. · Charge controllers or regulators to manage the electric charge, protect batteries from damage, and show the status of the system. · Direct current (DC) appliances. SHS use generates low voltage and special appliances are often required. Cost can be cut by local assembly of DC fluorescent lamps and controllers/regulators. This is becoming a secondary business for women in countries such as Bangladesh.  CORE International, Inc. DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIPS  7    Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Support to Sri Lanka and Zambia Task Order No. 011, CORE \'s Subcontract No. 23865-000-TM-02  This approach is being tested in Zambia. The MEWD has also incorporated the installation of photovoltaic (PV) solar systems in the rural electrification program. This is a technology that has shown great promise in meeting the energy requirements of remote rural areas in other countries. A few parts of Zambia have already started benefiting from installation of PV systems for water pumping, medical refrigeration and lighting under the rural electrification program. The Zambia PV-ESCO project has been running since 1998. As of October 2002 there were three ESCOs in operation in Eastern Province of Zambia, servicing a total of 400 clients. However, results to date indicate that large subsidies are required to make this a success. This is in large part due to the high cost of solar relative to rural incomes.  Based on market studies in India, China, Sri Lanka, Zimbabwe, South Africa and Kenya conducted by various international development agencies over the past 5 years, the consensus is that approximately 5% of most rural populations can pay cash for an SHS, 20 to 30% can afford a SHS with short or medium term credit, and another 25% could afford an SHS with long term credit or leasing.7  These countries have higher per capita incomes than Zambia so care must be taken in extrapolating to Zambia. While it is unlikely that in the near term solar will constitute a major share of rural electrification efforts, it does lend itself to high net economic benefit activities where lower cost or lower quality energy resources are not available or applicable. Perhaps a more realistic approach for rural Zambia will be through the use of solar lanterns. Solar lanterns usually charge in a few number of hours and can be used to power not only light but other small appliances such as a radio. These are the major initial uses in low income rural areas. They are less costly than standard home PV systems and are mobile. c. Micro/Mini Hydro Systems Zambia has a number of potential sites on smaller rivers suitable for local small-scale power generation. The most advantageous places for such development are in the North-Western and the Northern parts of the country, because of the topography of the terrain, the geology of the ground, the highest rainfall figures in the country and the lowest evaporation due to below average. The Zambian climate is characterized by the cycle of dry and wet seasons. During the dry season from April to November many small rivers dry up, whereas during the rainy period the rivers flood. Large variations in river discharges are thus typical of Zambian rivers. Suitable sites have been identified by collecting information on rivers with sufficient year-round flows. Preference has been given to sites that can sustain run-of-river schemes since the regulation of river flows by dams and water storage requires high  7  Solar Electric Light Fund. http://www.self.org/shs_role.asp; Benefits of solar  DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIPS  CORE International, Inc.  8    Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Support to Sri Lanka and Zambia Task Order No. 011, CORE \'s Subcontract No. 23865-000-TM-02  initial costs and makes small-scale hydropower projects uneconomical. Apart from the low cost, other benefits of run-of-river schemes include, fast and easy construction, easy flood protection, minimal environmental impact and low evaporation losses. Although substantial information has been collected relating to the large scale and small hydro potential in Zambia, little information is available on the mini/micro hydro potential in the country. It is imperative that resource assessment studies be undertaken to prioritize and direct rural electrification activities and to promote private sector investment. A successful example of micro-hydro exists at the 2.5 kWp Mutanda site. The plant supplies a community of 82 households and a maize mill. Total out of pocket capital costs were US 37,500 with the community supplying labor for civil works. Annual operating costs average  3,500 and revenues are around  5,200. Revenues are comprised of tariffs ( 1.05 per household) of  780 and use of the mill at around  4,400 per year. The key salient points of this project are: · · · · First, the income of the community is high relative to the average rural community. Income averaged  80 per month compared to  33 for the average Zambian household. Second, the bulk of the revenues come from an economic activity, not household sales. Third, despite the community \'s higher income, subsidies were required. Fourth, the community was willing to reduce the cost by contributing labor.  Additionally, there are several important lessons to be drawn from this experience and which have been demonstrated in other countries as well. · · · · Target higher income communities first Require in kind contribution and make it a tool in selecting projects Organize the project around an economic activity Rank projects based on net economic benefit  Recently ZESCO has expanded into this project \'s service area. It is not known to what extent ZESCO is subsidizing service. Service should be provided by the lowest cost provider. However, if Zambia is to promote private investment in rural energy services, then it will have to take steps to provide security for investment through some form of concession. If private investors can be challenged by subsidized state resources once their investments have been made, then this source of funding will try up. d. Current Biomass Situation There are an estimated 50 million hectares of woodland in Zambia. This is equivalent to 66% of the total land area. The standby volume of timber is estimated to be approximately 2.7 to 4.7 billion metric tons. Annual increments (yield) vary according to the region ­ higher in the North to lower in the South ­ and range from 0.3m3/ha to over  CORE International, Inc. DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIPS  9    Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Support to Sri Lanka and Zambia Task Order No. 011, CORE \'s Subcontract No. 23865-000-TM-02  0.8m3. Wood fuel and charcoal meet the needs of about 70% of the rural and urban consumers. According to 1995 statistics, the household sector consumed 115.5 PJ, representing 66% of the total energy consumption. One of the main problems in the biomass sector is degradation of woodlands and deforestation in certain parts of the country. Although some areas of the country have significant wood resources, there are also areas where the use of wood (for energy and other purposes) is unsustainable. In such areas, it has been estimated that the use of woods exceeds the annual increment (between 0.3m3/ha and 0.8m3/ha). The enormous biomass resource in the form of agriculture, forest and municipal wastes could be used to supply energy in rural areas. While biomass holds potential, it is not without problems. There are enormous environmental problems such as land degradation as well as the attendant morbidity and mortality impacts for women and children who cook and heat with biomass. Large scale biomass utilization would require major changes in the planting, collection and harvesting so that costs and environmental impacts are minimized. These biomass resources can be used in generating electricity through: · · · · Direct combustion in boilers for steam turbines and engines Advanced combustion systems based on internal steam engines Condensing Extraction Steam Turbine Gasification systems  A potentially more effective strategy for Zambia is to focus on technologies which use biomass more efficiently, such as advanced wood stoves, and to use selected technologies, primarily biomass gasification and direct combustion in steam turbines, in areas where large quantities of waste exist, such as at mills. e. Wind Wind speeds in Zambia are relatively low. Wind data collected at 10 meters above the ground indicates speeds of between 0.1 to 3.5 meters per second (m/s) with an annual average of 2.5 m/s. These wind speeds are not particularly suitable for electricity generation, but are well suited for water pumping for household use and irrigation purposes. Despite this potential, only a few windmills have been installed in the country. Results from Chisamba by Conservation Farming Project indicate that windmills can be used for irrigation purposes of up to 2 Hectares. In tests of treadle pumps (hand operated) small farmers were able to increase incomes between 600% and 800%. Irrigation allows them to: increase yields of existing crops during the traditional seasons; plant and increase production during dry season; and grow new crops. Incomes grow and risk is diversified owing to the introduction of new crops and planting/increasing yields in the dry season.  CORE International, Inc.  DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIPS  10    Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Support to Sri Lanka and Zambia Task Order No. 011, CORE \'s Subcontract No. 23865-000-TM-02  f. Geothermal Zambia has more than eighty (80) hot springs. The Zambian hot springs are associated with zones of major deep seated fault and fracture systems along which water of mainly meteoric origin circulate to great depths and is heated through normal geothermal gradients. Most of the identified springs have not been examined in any great detail, but interpretations of geochemical data and estimation of subterranean temperature for some of them points to the existence of worthwhile and potentially exploitable low enthalpy geothermal reserves in most parts of the country. Little else has been done to utilize the springs for industrial or energy provision purposes owing in large part to the cost. At present there is no geothermal generation. However, following an initiative with the Italian Government in the mid 1980 \'s, Kapisya was developed to the extent that 2 x 120kW turbines were installed in 1987. Unfortunately the Kapisya installation is not operational. g. Cogeneration Cogeneration is usually one of the most economically and environmentally attractive methods of producing electricity. Significant potential exists in Zambia at extractive industries, sugar mills and forest products. These facilities are usually located in rural areas and use primary energy resources to produce heat and steam. The challenge for Zambia will be to develop a business model to exploit these untapped resources. Plant owners may be reluctant to undertake the investment for a variety of reasons such as: (1) concern over what it would do to their production; (2) inability to sell power; and, (3) lack of access to financial resources. This may require an ESCO type approach. Additional work is required to assess the cogeneration potential, develop a business model and incorporate cogeneration into the Government \'s energy policy. 5. Rural Poverty Reduction Interventions a. Rural Electrification, GVEP and the PRSP There is recognition of the role of energy in reducing poverty throughout the Zambian PRSP. Some of the sectors explicitly recognize the need to develop and supply energy inputs to the sector. For example, agriculture identifies  provide electricity in high potential areas  and construct and rehabilitate rural dams and irrigation facilities  as key activities. The industrial sector recognizes the need to  encourage the rehabilitation and expansion of energy  for investment promotion and in rural industrialization  facilitating the provision of appropriate energy sources for small and medium-scale entrepreneurs, especially rural-based ones.  Finally, the water and sanitation sector also recognizes that  small-scale hydropower generation targeting rural areas.  Recognizing that the PRSP and the programs that flow from it are dynamic, two key ways of mainstreaming GVEP and coordinating it with the PRSP are:  CORE International, Inc.  DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIPS  11    Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Support to Sri Lanka and Zambia Task Order No. 011, CORE \'s Subcontract No. 23865-000-TM-02  ·  The first idea is to include the head of the Ministry of Finance \'s Sector Advisory Group as the MoF representative on the committee. The Sector Advisory Group is one of the main PRSP bodies. This would insure a two-way flow of information on an ongoing basis and thereby keep the PRSP and GVEP current of each other \'s activities. The second idea is that through the pursuit of economic or productive uses of energy and their successful implementation, GVEP will be in the vanguard of rural poverty reduction. By implementing the first idea, the lessons learned from the second will flow into PRSP. It has the potential to become a self-reinforcing mechanism. b. Rural Interventions  ·  The provision of electricity to households can have profound welfare implications: children now have light for reading; women can work longer hours and use some of that time in income generating measures. While this increase in the quality of life is important, it must be recognized, that simply increasing quality of life in the short run is insufficient because it is unsustainable. Zambia does not have the economic means to provide energy for these reasons. The implication of this realization is that Zambia should provide rural energy on the basis of increased economic activity not on the basis of quality of life changes. It means recognizing that people can be helped out of poverty through the targeted introduction of appropriate energy to productive uses. In a nutshell this assumes that the role of the Government is to help identify productive uses for energy, i.e., uses that will generate additional income and/or employment. These uses, not individual consumption, drive and will pay for the energy consumed. In this view productive uses of energy are sought out. Supply goes to the project, area or community with the highest net economic benefit from the introduction of energy. Energy chosen is the least cost method of supply. The discussion thus far builds the case for specific intervention which must be tailored to local circumstances. The underlying principle is to build on economic activities and these fall in to two major areas. 6. Using Energy to Enhance Economic Activity The first of the two approaches focuses on using an energy project to enhance existing economic activity. This could be supplying energy to enhance economic activities such as building a micro-hydro plant to service an existing maize mill and the surrounding population or providing windmills to increase agricultural output. These interventions are most likely to be relatively small, on the order of less than  75,000. In many cases, costs are much smaller when wind energy for water pumping is considered. A combination of rapid rural appraisal from the REA and Participatory rural appraisal from local communities can be used to identify those areas where economic activity is  CORE International, Inc.  DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIPS  12    Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Support to Sri Lanka and Zambia Task Order No. 011, CORE \'s Subcontract No. 23865-000-TM-02  sufficiently large, incomes sufficiently high and water resources sufficient to justify a prefeasibility study. What is Participatory rural appraisal?8  Participatory rural appraisal (PRA) is a label given to a growing family of participatory approaches and methods that emphasize local knowledge and enable local people to make their own appraisal, analysis, and plans. PRA uses group animation and exercises to facilitate information sharing, analysis, and action among stakeholders. Although originally developed for use in rural areas, PRA has been employed successfully in a variety of settings. The purpose of PRA is to enable development practitioners, government officials, and local people to work together to plan context appropriate programs. Participatory rural appraisal evolved from rapid rural appraisal-a set of informal techniques used by development practitioners in rural areas to collect and analyze data. Rapid rural appraisal developed in the 1970s and 1980s in response to the perceived problems of outsiders missing or miscommunicating with local people in the context of development work. In PRA, data collection and analysis are undertaken by local people, with outsiders facilitating rather than controlling. PRA is an approach for shared learning between local people and outsiders, but the term is somewhat misleading. PRA techniques are equally applicable in urban settings and are not limited to assessment only. The same approach can be employed at every stage of the project cycle and in country economic and sector work. Key Tenets of PRA  ·  ·  ·  Participation. Local people \'s input into PRA activities is essential to its value as a research and planning method and as a means for diffusing the participatory approach to development. Teamwork. To the extent that the validity of PRA data relies on informal interaction and brainstorming among those involved, it is best done by a team that includes local people with perspective and knowledge of the area \'s conditions, traditions, and social structure and either nationals or expatriates with a complementary mix of disciplinary backgrounds and experience. A well balanced team will represent the diversity of socioeconomic, cultural, gender, and generational perspectives. Flexibility. PRA does not provide blueprints for its practitioners. The combination of techniques that is appropriate in a particular development context will be determined by such variables as the size and skill mix of the PRA team, the time and resources available, and the topic and location of the work.  8  Source: World Bank Participation Source Book, Appendix I, Methods and Tools.  DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIPS  CORE International, Inc.  13    Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Support to Sri Lanka and Zambia Task Order No. 011, CORE \'s Subcontract No. 23865-000-TM-02  ·  ·  Optimal ignorance. To be efficient in terms of both time and money, PRA work intends to gather just enough information to make the necessary recommendations and decisions. Triangulation. PRA works with qualitative data. To ensure that information is valid and reliable, PRA teams follow the rule of thumb that at least three sources must be consulted or techniques must be used to investigate the same topics.    REA or their consultants would conduct the resource assessment work while local communities carried out the survey of economic activity and ability to pay along with other socio-economic data that would be needed to prioritize possible interventions. 7. Using Existing Economic Activities to Co-generate Surplus Energy These types of interventions build on industrial and agro-processing activities that use primary energy to generate heat or steam. Because they are already burning a fuel, the incremental cost of generating electricity is usually quite small compared to stand alone generation. Moreover, there are other economic and environmental reasons to prefer cogeneration. Facilities are often in off-grid rural areas. They are fewer in number, larger and require more professional expertise to assess. In Zambia examples include: · · · · · · · sugar mills agricultural processing lumber mills mines refineries refractories cement plants  Sector specialists will be required to prioritize these interventions based on some heuristics and site visits. 8. Moving Forward Together, all these factors present a daunting challenge and guidance for Zambia \'s energy policy. Given incomes in rural areas, it is unlikely that electricity can be supplied without subsidy. Since the need far exceeds the resources available from the Government, this helps to establish a few rules. · · · First, choose those projects that require the least amount of subsidy per person served. Second, not all subsidies are the same. Choose the subsidy that is least intrusive in market decision process. No subsidization of operating costs. Third, since the Government does not have sufficient resources to address the problem, it must ALSO rely on the private sector for resources: capital, management, and implementation.  DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIPS  CORE International, Inc.  14    Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Support to Sri Lanka and Zambia Task Order No. 011, CORE \'s Subcontract No. 23865-000-TM-02  The following guidance will help to insure least cost and lowest subsidy: 1. COMPETITION: The GRZ should introduce competition at all levels. There should be competition for projects and competition for funds. There should be no pre-established allocation which will allow all communities, all provinces and all parties to compete on the basis of merit for available funds. Competition will lower costs, reduce political involvement and spur innovation. 2. DECENTRALIZED DECISION MAKING: To promote local involvement and contribution, increase the use of local knowledge and help to insure appropriate technology choice, decision-making should be devolved away from the center to Provincial Governments and local communities. Provincial Governments could identify the needs, prioritize projects and identify solutions, and participate in the allocation of funds. Local communities are involved by giving preference to projects organized by communities and giving preference to projects where communities contribute in kind services. The REA and/or DoE would provide: tools and methodologies to evaluated projects, the methodology for prioritizing projects and allocating funds, the financial resources for the projects and technical assistance in project review. It would help by coordinating the institutions involved. 3. JOINT FINANCING: To increase resolve to work together and to help insure sustainability, preference would be given to jointly financed projects between the Government and investors. Investors, in this case, could be communities, individuals or companies. Government would contribute some or all of the capital costs and investors would contribute in the investment phase in either financial resources or in kind contribution to construction and in the operating phase. Government would not own or operate any of these facilities. 4. APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGIES: Government will evaluate and recommend technologies on the basis of a number of relevant criteria, including, Minimum Life Cycle Cost and Highest Economic Impact. This will assist investors by reducing the risk and transaction cost for any single product. This will also reduce the cost of project evaluation from the Government \'s side. 5. AVOID INSTITUTIONAL DRAG: To avoid creating a drag on rural energy programs by increasing costs or reducing recovery the possibility of creating new institutions or increasing demands on current institutions should be avoided. For example, it has been proven time and again that it is better to channel investment funds through existing financial institutions than to create new ones that do not have the experience in project analysis, loan recovery and, more importantly, ties to the local community. 6. SUBSIDIES: Subsidies, as a function of their design, distort decision making. The key to using subsidies is to design them so that they: reach the intended audience; bring about the desired change; distort other economic decisions as little as possible; and, cost as little as possible. While simple sounding, it has  CORE International, Inc. DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIPS  15    Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Support to Sri Lanka and Zambia Task Order No. 011, CORE \'s Subcontract No. 23865-000-TM-02  proven difficult in practice. The main aspects that policy makers should focus on when choosing the subsidy are: · · · · Transparency: The financial costs and financial channels which the subsidy flow through should be completely transparent. All costs and all records should be open to the public. Targeted: The subsidy should be designed in such as way that only the intended beneficiaries receive the subsidy. Benefit-Based: The subsidy should be based on the positive benefits of the subsidized activity. Practical: The subsidy and subsidy mechanism should be practical and costeffective to implement, monitor and evaluate.  Given the situation in Zambia, the best design for rural electrification subsidies may be one that impacts capital costs not operating costs; is not indefinite; and is coupled with a mechanism to recover capital replacement costs. In short, the best approach for Zambia may be in subsidizing the construction and/or equipment costs for rural electrification but that the costs to run, maintain and eventually pay for replacement of worn-out equipment is best shouldered by those that use the energy. It is preferable that subsidies not drive technology choice. Rather, technology choice should be based on the economics of the project without subsidy, thus enabling the best choice for local circumstances.  CORE International, Inc.  DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIPS  16    Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Support to Sri Lanka and Zambia Task Order No. 011, CORE \'s Subcontract No. 23865-000-TM-02  ANNEX VII: GVEP ENERGY AND POVERTY REDUCTION PUBLIC AWARENESS CAMPAIGN IN ZAMBIA  TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Introduction 1. Objectives of the Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Initiative 2. Objectives and Strategy of the GVEP Public Awareness Program (PAP) 3. Obstacles and Opportunities II. Phase I ­ Analysis and Strategy 1. Overview of Energy and Development in Zambia 2. GRZ Rural Energy Policy 3. Energy and Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper 4. Identifying Audiences and Stakeholders 5. GVEP Target Groups 6. Stakeholder Perceptions 7. Review of Incentives and Disincentives 8. Modes of Outreach (Dissemination) III. Phase II ­ Design and Production 1. Developing a Pilot Program 2. Print Media 3. Broadcast Media 4. Radio Spots 5. Seminars, Workshops, Town Hall Meetings and Church Meetings 6. GVEP Newsletter and Other Publications IV. Phase III ­ Implementation and Evaluation of the Program Success  CORE International, Inc.  DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIPS  1    Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Support to Sri Lanka and Zambia Task Order No. 011, CORE \'s Subcontract No. 23865-000-TM-02  I. Introduction 1. Objectives of the Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Initiative Enhancing energy service delivery for poverty alleviation and sustainable development is one of the Government of the Republic of Zambia \'s (GRZ) highest priorities. In Zambia over 70% of the population is described as poor. Most of these people depend strongly on traditional fuels to meet their daily energy needs and access to affordable electricity and modern sources of energy remains a developmental challenge. Lack of financial resources is a major obstacle to most of the Zambians for accessing alternative energy sources. GRZ and other local stakeholders recognize the need for a better integration of energy services in the country \'s rural development plans and programs. This is expected to enhance focus on income generation and employment activities, as well as on priority social interventions (in the areas of heath, education, and clean water supply). The GVEP initiative falls well in line with the GRZ \'s Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) and the National Development Plan whose priorities include improved access of modern energy services to Zambian citizens. The key objectives for Zambia on the GVEP involvement are as follows: to formalize and institutionalize in-country  \'movement \' on GVEP by facilitating the establishment of adequate structures for outreaching stakeholders throughout the country to organize/facilitate stakeholder meetings and initiate in-country consultations amongst stakeholders on the GVEP to integrate GVEP in the country policy framework, especially the Poverty Reduction Strategy Program (PRSP) and the National Development Plan to develop a GVEP National Action Plan that could be presented to donors and other stakeholders for follow up support There is a widespread consensus among stakeholders in Zambia on the need to fulfill these objectives in order to embark on the implementation of a large energy service delivery program that would be widely and substantially co-funded by the GRZ, donor community, private sector, and consumers. Although Zambia is well endowed with indigenous energy resources, the availability of modern energy services to the country \'s population of about 10 million inhabitants remains an important priority. While wood, petroleum, and large hydropower will continue to be the major energy sources in Zambia, at least in the mid term, efforts are being made to develop and expand other energy sources such as solar and mini-hydro.  CORE International, Inc.  DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIPS  2    Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Support to Sri Lanka and Zambia Task Order No. 011, CORE \'s Subcontract No. 23865-000-TM-02  Despite creative approaches on the policy front, the challenge of taking power to rural areas still remains formidable given the relatively high capital costs and low financial returns in rural areas. The actual cost of extending the power grid to remote areas in Zambia (same as in many other developing countries) is very high and the load demand for most rural areas is very low. The cost of the grid extension projects cannot be justified even from the social perspective. Given these constraints, success in electrifying large parts of the population through conventional grid-based services would not be attained for a long time. Therefore, the use of renewable energy technologies (RETs) in stand-alone or mini-grid systems represents a promising option for reaching out large sections of rural communities in Zambia. Energy Services Companies (ESCOs) are being tested in Zambia. The Ministry of Energy and Water Development has also incorporated the installation of photovoltaic (PV) solar systems in its rural electrification program. Certain parts of the country have already started benefiting from the installation of PV systems for water pumping, medical refrigeration, and lighting under the rural electrification program. Barriers to achieving an enhanced electrification program and improved Modern Energy Service Delivery (MESD) systems include financial, institutional, and commercial. In addition, education, transaction costs, tariffs, training, and awareness on renewable energy technologies pose significant hurdles that must be overcome. In relative terms, RETs and small-scale energy systems have high investment capital costs, which need guarantees of long-term stable income streams to ensure financial viability. Fiscal incentives and some form of smart subsidy would enable the development of renewable energy projects and make them financially attractive to private participation. 2. Objectives and Strategy of the GVEP Public Awareness Program (PAP) The GVEP Public Awareness Program (PAP) has specific objectives which include the following: educate and sensitize media on energy issues through workshops identify channels of dissemination utilize outreach to include excluded or under represented populations simplify materials to disseminate to the general public involve local stakeholders: inform chiefs and headmen especially prepare TOR \'s for consultancy work These objectives translate effectively into some of the principles which should guid